{"id":1009,"date":"2022-04-20T21:07:41","date_gmt":"2022-04-20T21:07:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/chapter\/review-questions-15\/"},"modified":"2025-10-31T18:42:34","modified_gmt":"2025-10-31T18:42:34","slug":"review-questions-15","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/chapter\/review-questions-15\/","title":{"raw":"Review Questions","rendered":"Review Questions"},"content":{"raw":"
    \r\n \t
  1. The AUC and AUA codons in mRNA both specify isoleucine. What feature of the genetic code explains this?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. complementarity<\/li>\r\n \t
    2. nonsense codons<\/li>\r\n \t
    3. universality<\/li>\r\n \t
    4. degeneracy<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n2. How many nucleotides are in 12 mRNA codons?\r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. 12<\/li>\r\n \t
      2. 24<\/li>\r\n \t
      3. 36<\/li>\r\n \t
      4. 48<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n3. Which event contradicts the central dogma of molecular biology?\r\n
          \r\n \t
        1. Poly-A polymerase enzymes process mRNA in the nucleus.<\/li>\r\n \t
        2. Endonuclease enzymes splice out and repair damaged DNA.<\/li>\r\n \t
        3. Scientists use reverse transcriptase enzymes to make DNA from RNA.<\/li>\r\n \t
        4. Codons specifying amino acids are degenerate and universal.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n4. Which subunit of the E. coli polymerase confers specificity to transcription?\r\n
            \r\n \t
          1. \u03b1<\/li>\r\n \t
          2. \u03b2<\/li>\r\n \t
          3. \u03b2'<\/li>\r\n \t
          4. \u03c3<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n5. The -10 and -35 regions of prokaryotic promoters are called consensus sequences because ________.\r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. they are identical in all bacterial species<\/li>\r\n \t
            2. they are similar in all bacterial species<\/li>\r\n \t
            3. they exist in all organisms<\/li>\r\n \t
            4. they have the same function in all organisms<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n6. Which feature of promoters can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?\r\n
                \r\n \t
              1. GC box<\/li>\r\n \t
              2. TATA box<\/li>\r\n \t
              3. octamer box<\/li>\r\n \t
              4. -10 and -35 sequences<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n7. What transcripts will be most affected by low levels of \u03b1-amanitin?\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                1. 18S and 28S rRNAs<\/li>\r\n \t
                2. pre-mRNAs<\/li>\r\n \t
                3. 5S rRNAs and tRNAs<\/li>\r\n \t
                4. other small nuclear RNAs<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n8. How do enhancers and promoters differ?\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  1. Enhancers bind transcription factors to silence gene expression, while promoters activate transcription.<\/li>\r\n \t
                  2. Enhancers increase the efficiency of gene expression, but are not essential for transcription. Promoter recognition is essential to transcription initiation.<\/li>\r\n \t
                  3. Promoters bind transcription factors to increase the efficiency of transcription. Enhancers bind RNA polymerases to initiate transcription.<\/li>\r\n \t
                  4. There is no difference. Both are transcription factor-binding sequences in DNA.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n9. Which pre-mRNA processing step is important for initiating translation?\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    1. poly-A tail<\/li>\r\n \t
                    2. RNA editing<\/li>\r\n \t
                    3. splicing<\/li>\r\n \t
                    4. 7-methylguanosine cap<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n10. What processing step enhances the stability of pre-tRNAs and pre-rRNAs?\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      1. methylation<\/li>\r\n \t
                      2. nucleotide modification<\/li>\r\n \t
                      3. cleavage<\/li>\r\n \t
                      4. splicing<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n11. A scientist identifies a pre-mRNA with the following structure.\r\n\r\n\"An\r\n\r\nWhat is the predicted size of the corresponding mature mRNA in base pairs (bp), excluding the 5\u2019 cap and 3\u2019 poly-A tail?\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        1. 220bp<\/li>\r\n \t
                        2. 295bp<\/li>\r\n \t
                        3. 140bp<\/li>\r\n \t
                        4. 435bp<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n12. The RNA components of ribosomes are synthesized in the ________.\r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          1. cytoplasm<\/li>\r\n \t
                          2. nucleus<\/li>\r\n \t
                          3. nucleolus<\/li>\r\n \t
                          4. endoplasmic reticulum<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n13. In any given species, there are at least how many types of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases?\r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            1. 20<\/li>\r\n \t
                            2. 40<\/li>\r\n \t
                            3. 100<\/li>\r\n \t
                            4. 200<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n14. A scientist introduces a mutation that makes the 60S ribosomal subunit nonfunctional in a human cell line. What would be the predicted effect on translation?\r\n
                                \r\n \t
                              1. Translation stalls after the initiation AUG codon is identified.<\/li>\r\n \t
                              2. The ribosome cannot catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between the tRNAs in the A and P sites.<\/li>\r\n \t
                              3. The ribosome cannot interact with mRNAs.<\/li>\r\n \t
                              4. tRNAs cannot exit the E site of the ribosome.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"
                                  \n
                                1. The AUC and AUA codons in mRNA both specify isoleucine. What feature of the genetic code explains this?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                    \n
                                  1. complementarity<\/li>\n
                                  2. nonsense codons<\/li>\n
                                  3. universality<\/li>\n
                                  4. degeneracy<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    2. How many nucleotides are in 12 mRNA codons?<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    1. 12<\/li>\n
                                    2. 24<\/li>\n
                                    3. 36<\/li>\n
                                    4. 48<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      3. Which event contradicts the central dogma of molecular biology?<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      1. Poly-A polymerase enzymes process mRNA in the nucleus.<\/li>\n
                                      2. Endonuclease enzymes splice out and repair damaged DNA.<\/li>\n
                                      3. Scientists use reverse transcriptase enzymes to make DNA from RNA.<\/li>\n
                                      4. Codons specifying amino acids are degenerate and universal.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                        4. Which subunit of the E. coli polymerase confers specificity to transcription?<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        1. \u03b1<\/li>\n
                                        2. \u03b2<\/li>\n
                                        3. \u03b2’<\/li>\n
                                        4. \u03c3<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                          5. The -10 and -35 regions of prokaryotic promoters are called consensus sequences because ________.<\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          1. they are identical in all bacterial species<\/li>\n
                                          2. they are similar in all bacterial species<\/li>\n
                                          3. they exist in all organisms<\/li>\n
                                          4. they have the same function in all organisms<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                            6. Which feature of promoters can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?<\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            1. GC box<\/li>\n
                                            2. TATA box<\/li>\n
                                            3. octamer box<\/li>\n
                                            4. -10 and -35 sequences<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                              7. What transcripts will be most affected by low levels of \u03b1-amanitin?<\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              1. 18S and 28S rRNAs<\/li>\n
                                              2. pre-mRNAs<\/li>\n
                                              3. 5S rRNAs and tRNAs<\/li>\n
                                              4. other small nuclear RNAs<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                8. How do enhancers and promoters differ?<\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                1. Enhancers bind transcription factors to silence gene expression, while promoters activate transcription.<\/li>\n
                                                2. Enhancers increase the efficiency of gene expression, but are not essential for transcription. Promoter recognition is essential to transcription initiation.<\/li>\n
                                                3. Promoters bind transcription factors to increase the efficiency of transcription. Enhancers bind RNA polymerases to initiate transcription.<\/li>\n
                                                4. There is no difference. Both are transcription factor-binding sequences in DNA.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                  9. Which pre-mRNA processing step is important for initiating translation?<\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  1. poly-A tail<\/li>\n
                                                  2. RNA editing<\/li>\n
                                                  3. splicing<\/li>\n
                                                  4. 7-methylguanosine cap<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                    10. What processing step enhances the stability of pre-tRNAs and pre-rRNAs?<\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    1. methylation<\/li>\n
                                                    2. nucleotide modification<\/li>\n
                                                    3. cleavage<\/li>\n
                                                    4. splicing<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                      11. A scientist identifies a pre-mRNA with the following structure.<\/p>\n

                                                      \"An<\/p>\n

                                                      What is the predicted size of the corresponding mature mRNA in base pairs (bp), excluding the 5\u2019 cap and 3\u2019 poly-A tail?<\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      1. 220bp<\/li>\n
                                                      2. 295bp<\/li>\n
                                                      3. 140bp<\/li>\n
                                                      4. 435bp<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                        12. The RNA components of ribosomes are synthesized in the ________.<\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                        1. cytoplasm<\/li>\n
                                                        2. nucleus<\/li>\n
                                                        3. nucleolus<\/li>\n
                                                        4. endoplasmic reticulum<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                          13. In any given species, there are at least how many types of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases?<\/p>\n

                                                            \n
                                                          1. 20<\/li>\n
                                                          2. 40<\/li>\n
                                                          3. 100<\/li>\n
                                                          4. 200<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                            14. A scientist introduces a mutation that makes the 60S ribosomal subunit nonfunctional in a human cell line. What would be the predicted effect on translation?<\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                            1. Translation stalls after the initiation AUG codon is identified.<\/li>\n
                                                            2. The ribosome cannot catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between the tRNAs in the A and P sites.<\/li>\n
                                                            3. The ribosome cannot interact with mRNAs.<\/li>\n
                                                            4. tRNAs cannot exit the E site of the ribosome.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":130,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["jung-choi","mary-ann-clark","matthew-douglas"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[92,93,94],"license":[53],"class_list":["post-1009","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-jung-choi","contributor-mary-ann-clark","contributor-matthew-douglas","license-cc-by"],"part":974,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1009","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/130"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1009\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1163,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1009\/revisions\/1163"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/974"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1009\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1009"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1009"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1009"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1009"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}