{"id":964,"date":"2022-04-20T20:49:36","date_gmt":"2022-04-20T20:49:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/chapter\/key-terms-14\/"},"modified":"2025-08-29T19:14:24","modified_gmt":"2025-08-29T19:14:24","slug":"key-terms-14","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/chapter\/key-terms-14\/","title":{"raw":"Key Terms","rendered":"Key Terms"},"content":{"raw":"
\n \t
electrophoresis<\/dt>\n \t
technique used to separate DNA fragments according to size<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
helicase<\/dt>\n \t
during replication, this enzyme helps to open up the DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
induced mutation<\/dt>\n \t
mutation that results from exposure to chemicals or environmental agents<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
lagging strand<\/dt>\n \t
during replication, the strand that is replicated in short fragments and away from the replication fork<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
leading strand<\/dt>\n \t
strand that is synthesized continuously in the 5'-3' direction, which is synthesized in the direction of the replication fork<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
ligase<\/dt>\n \t
enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester linkage between the 3' OH and 5' phosphate ends of the DNA<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
mismatch repair<\/dt>\n \t
type of repair mechanism in which mismatched bases are removed after replication<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
mutation<\/dt>\n \t
variation in the nucleotide sequence of a genome<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
nucleotide excision repair<\/dt>\n \t
type of DNA repair mechanism in which the wrong base, along with a few nucleotides upstream or downstream, are removed<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
Okazaki fragment<\/dt>\n \t
DNA fragment that is synthesized in short stretches on the lagging strand<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
point mutation<\/dt>\n \t
mutation that affects a single base<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
primase<\/dt>\n \t
enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer; the primer is needed for DNA pol to start synthesis of a new DNA strand<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
primer<\/dt>\n \t
short stretch of nucleotides that is required to initiate replication; in the case of replication, the primer has RNA nucleotides<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
proofreading<\/dt>\n \t
function of DNA pol in which it reads the newly added base before adding the next one<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
replication fork<\/dt>\n \t
Y-shaped structure formed during initiation of replication<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
silent mutation<\/dt>\n \t
mutation that is not expressed<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
single-strand binding protein<\/dt>\n \t
during replication, protein that binds to the single-stranded DNA; this helps in keeping the two strands of DNA apart so that they may serve as templates<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
sliding clamp<\/dt>\n \t
ring-shaped protein that holds the DNA pol on the DNA strand<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
spontaneous mutation<\/dt>\n \t
mutation that takes place in the cells as a result of chemical reactions taking place naturally without exposure to any external agent<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
telomerase<\/dt>\n \t
enzyme that contains a catalytic part and an inbuilt RNA template; it functions to maintain telomeres at chromosome ends<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
telomere<\/dt>\n \t
DNA at the end of linear chromosomes<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
topoisomerase<\/dt>\n \t
enzyme that prevents overwinding of DNA when DNA replication is taking place<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
transformation<\/dt>\n \t
process in which external DNA is taken up by a cell<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
transition substitution<\/dt>\n \t
when a purine is replaced with a purine or a pyrimidine is replaced with another pyrimidine<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n \t
transversion substitution<\/dt>\n \t
when a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine is replaced by a purine<\/dd>\n<\/dl>","rendered":"
\n
electrophoresis<\/dt>\n
technique used to separate DNA fragments according to size<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
helicase<\/dt>\n
during replication, this enzyme helps to open up the DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
induced mutation<\/dt>\n
mutation that results from exposure to chemicals or environmental agents<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
lagging strand<\/dt>\n
during replication, the strand that is replicated in short fragments and away from the replication fork<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
leading strand<\/dt>\n
strand that is synthesized continuously in the 5′-3′ direction, which is synthesized in the direction of the replication fork<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
ligase<\/dt>\n
enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester linkage between the 3′ OH and 5′ phosphate ends of the DNA<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
mismatch repair<\/dt>\n
type of repair mechanism in which mismatched bases are removed after replication<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
mutation<\/dt>\n
variation in the nucleotide sequence of a genome<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
nucleotide excision repair<\/dt>\n
type of DNA repair mechanism in which the wrong base, along with a few nucleotides upstream or downstream, are removed<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
Okazaki fragment<\/dt>\n
DNA fragment that is synthesized in short stretches on the lagging strand<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
point mutation<\/dt>\n
mutation that affects a single base<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
primase<\/dt>\n
enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer; the primer is needed for DNA pol to start synthesis of a new DNA strand<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
primer<\/dt>\n
short stretch of nucleotides that is required to initiate replication; in the case of replication, the primer has RNA nucleotides<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
proofreading<\/dt>\n
function of DNA pol in which it reads the newly added base before adding the next one<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
replication fork<\/dt>\n
Y-shaped structure formed during initiation of replication<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
silent mutation<\/dt>\n
mutation that is not expressed<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
single-strand binding protein<\/dt>\n
during replication, protein that binds to the single-stranded DNA; this helps in keeping the two strands of DNA apart so that they may serve as templates<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
sliding clamp<\/dt>\n
ring-shaped protein that holds the DNA pol on the DNA strand<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
spontaneous mutation<\/dt>\n
mutation that takes place in the cells as a result of chemical reactions taking place naturally without exposure to any external agent<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
telomerase<\/dt>\n
enzyme that contains a catalytic part and an inbuilt RNA template; it functions to maintain telomeres at chromosome ends<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
telomere<\/dt>\n
DNA at the end of linear chromosomes<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
topoisomerase<\/dt>\n
enzyme that prevents overwinding of DNA when DNA replication is taking place<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
transformation<\/dt>\n
process in which external DNA is taken up by a cell<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
transition substitution<\/dt>\n
when a purine is replaced with a purine or a pyrimidine is replaced with another pyrimidine<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n
\n
transversion substitution<\/dt>\n
when a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine is replaced by a purine<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"author":130,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["jung-choi","mary-ann-clark","matthew-douglas"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[92,93,94],"license":[53],"class_list":["post-964","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-jung-choi","contributor-mary-ann-clark","contributor-matthew-douglas","license-cc-by"],"part":925,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/964","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/130"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/964\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":965,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/964\/revisions\/965"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/925"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/964\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=964"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=964"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=964"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=964"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}