{"id":233,"date":"2025-11-05T15:25:20","date_gmt":"2025-11-05T15:25:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=233"},"modified":"2025-12-03T14:35:33","modified_gmt":"2025-12-03T14:35:33","slug":"lab-5-biological-molecules","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/chapter\/lab-5-biological-molecules\/","title":{"raw":"Lab 4: Biological Molecules","rendered":"Lab 4: Biological Molecules"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 data-start=\"558\" data-end=\"575\"><strong data-start=\"561\" data-end=\"575\">Introduction<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<p data-start=\"577\" data-end=\"638\">There are four major classifications of biological compounds:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"717\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"662\">\r\n<p data-start=\"643\" data-end=\"662\">Carbohydrates<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"663\" data-end=\"680\">\r\n<p data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"680\">Proteins<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"681\" data-end=\"696\">\r\n<p data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"696\">Lipids<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"717\">\r\n<p data-start=\"700\" data-end=\"717\">Nucleic Acids<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p data-start=\"719\" data-end=\"828\">Each major classification can be divided into <strong data-start=\"765\" data-end=\"778\">subgroups<\/strong> that correspond to <strong data-start=\"798\" data-end=\"810\">monomers<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"827\">polymers<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"830\" data-end=\"1036\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"830\" data-end=\"962\">\r\n<p data-start=\"832\" data-end=\"962\"><strong data-start=\"832\" data-end=\"844\">Monomers<\/strong> are smaller molecules that bond together in <strong data-start=\"889\" data-end=\"914\">dehydration reactions<\/strong> to form larger molecules called <strong data-start=\"947\" data-end=\"959\">polymers<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"963\" data-end=\"1036\">\r\n<p data-start=\"965\" data-end=\"1036\"><strong data-start=\"965\" data-end=\"977\">Polymers<\/strong> are broken down into monomers in <strong data-start=\"1011\" data-end=\"1035\">hydrolysis reactions<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"1038\" data-end=\"1059\"><strong data-start=\"1042\" data-end=\"1059\">Carbohydrates<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1061\" data-end=\"1261\">Carbohydrates are molecules composed primarily of <strong data-start=\"1111\" data-end=\"1143\">carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen<\/strong> in the form of sugar molecules.<br data-start=\"1175\" data-end=\"1178\" \/>They can be classified as <strong data-start=\"1204\" data-end=\"1226\">simple sugars (SS)<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"1230\" data-end=\"1260\">complex carbohydrates (CC)<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"1263\" data-end=\"1506\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1263\" data-end=\"1333\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1265\" data-end=\"1333\"><strong data-start=\"1265\" data-end=\"1278\">Monomers:<\/strong> Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1334\" data-end=\"1429\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1336\" data-end=\"1429\"><strong data-start=\"1336\" data-end=\"1354\">Disaccharides:<\/strong> Two monosaccharides joined together (e.g., sucrose = glucose + fructose)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1430\" data-end=\"1506\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1432\" data-end=\"1506\"><strong data-start=\"1432\" data-end=\"1452\">Polysaccharides:<\/strong> Many monosaccharides bonded together (e.g., starches)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"1508\" data-end=\"1524\"><strong data-start=\"1512\" data-end=\"1524\">Proteins<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1526\" data-end=\"1713\">Proteins are essential biological molecules and fundamental components of all living cells. They include enzymes, hormones, and antibodies that are necessary for proper organism function.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"1715\" data-end=\"1831\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1715\" data-end=\"1761\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1717\" data-end=\"1761\"><strong data-start=\"1717\" data-end=\"1730\">Monomers:<\/strong> Amino acids (20 total types)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1762\" data-end=\"1831\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1764\" data-end=\"1831\"><strong data-start=\"1764\" data-end=\"1777\">Polymers:<\/strong> Dipeptides and polypeptides (formed by peptide bonds)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"1833\" data-end=\"1847\"><strong data-start=\"1837\" data-end=\"1847\">Lipids<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1849\" data-end=\"2051\">Lipids (fats) consist of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), but with a <strong data-start=\"1927\" data-end=\"1962\">higher hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio<\/strong> than carbohydrates. They include <strong data-start=\"1996\" data-end=\"2013\">triglycerides<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"2015\" data-end=\"2032\">phospholipids<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"2038\" data-end=\"2050\">steroids<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"2053\" data-end=\"2216\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2053\" data-end=\"2114\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2055\" data-end=\"2114\"><strong data-start=\"2055\" data-end=\"2085\">Monomers of triglycerides:<\/strong> 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2115\" data-end=\"2216\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2117\" data-end=\"2135\"><strong data-start=\"2117\" data-end=\"2133\">Fatty acids:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"2138\" data-end=\"2216\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2138\" data-end=\"2171\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2140\" data-end=\"2171\"><em data-start=\"2140\" data-end=\"2151\">Saturated<\/em> (no double bonds)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2174\" data-end=\"2216\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2176\" data-end=\"2216\"><em data-start=\"2176\" data-end=\"2189\">Unsaturated<\/em> (one or more double bonds)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"2391\" data-end=\"2394\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"2396\" data-end=\"2429\"><strong data-start=\"2399\" data-end=\"2429\">Overview of Chemical Tests<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"2431\" data-end=\"2608\">In this lab, you will use various <strong data-start=\"2465\" data-end=\"2486\">chemical reagents<\/strong> to test for the presence of biological molecules.<br data-start=\"2536\" data-end=\"2539\" \/>Each test includes <strong data-start=\"2558\" data-end=\"2592\">positive and negative controls<\/strong> for comparison.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"2610\" data-end=\"2613\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"2615\" data-end=\"2693\"><strong data-start=\"2618\" data-end=\"2693\">Experiment 1 &amp; 2: Benedict\u2019s Test for Sugars and Iodine Test for Starch<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"2695\" data-end=\"2710\"><strong data-start=\"2699\" data-end=\"2710\">Purpose<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul data-start=\"2712\" data-end=\"2854\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2712\" data-end=\"2854\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2714\" data-end=\"2854\"><strong data-start=\"2714\" data-end=\"2734\">Benedict\u2019s Test:<\/strong> Detects <em data-start=\"2743\" data-end=\"2758\">simple sugars<\/em> (monosaccharides).<br data-start=\"2777\" data-end=\"2780\" \/>Benedict\u2019s solution reacts with reducing sugars to cause a color change.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" style=\"height: 72px;\" data-start=\"2856\" data-end=\"3085\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"2856\" data-end=\"2908\">\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"2856\" data-end=\"2908\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 236.208px;\" data-start=\"2856\" data-end=\"2888\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2858\" data-end=\"2887\">Amount of Monosaccharides<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 271.698px;\" data-start=\"2888\" data-end=\"2908\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2890\" data-end=\"2906\">Color Change<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"2962\" data-end=\"3085\">\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"2962\" data-end=\"3014\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 236.208px;\" data-start=\"2962\" data-end=\"2994\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Small amount<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 271.698px;\" data-start=\"2994\" data-end=\"3014\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Blue \u2192 Green<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"3015\" data-end=\"3085\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 236.208px;\" data-start=\"3015\" data-end=\"3047\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Moderate to large amount<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 271.698px;\" data-start=\"3047\" data-end=\"3085\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Blue \u2192 Yellow \u2192 Orange \u2192 Brick Red<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ul data-start=\"3087\" data-end=\"3194\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3087\" data-end=\"3194\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3089\" data-end=\"3194\"><strong data-start=\"3089\" data-end=\"3105\">Iodine Test:<\/strong> Detects <em data-start=\"3114\" data-end=\"3132\">starch molecules<\/em>.<br data-start=\"3133\" data-end=\"3136\" \/>If starch is present, the solution changes to <strong data-start=\"3184\" data-end=\"3193\">black<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"3196\" data-end=\"3199\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"3201\" data-end=\"3226\"><strong data-start=\"3205\" data-end=\"3226\">Pre-Lab Questions<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"3228\" data-end=\"3261\">In this experiment, you will use:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"3263\" data-end=\"3406\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3263\" data-end=\"3334\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3265\" data-end=\"3334\"><strong data-start=\"3265\" data-end=\"3286\">Negative control:<\/strong> No sugar present (remains blue after heating)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3335\" data-end=\"3406\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3337\" data-end=\"3406\"><strong data-start=\"3337\" data-end=\"3358\">Positive control:<\/strong> High sugar content (turns orange after heating)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"3408\" data-end=\"3448\">Identify the following before beginning:<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"3450\" data-end=\"3469\"><strong data-start=\"3450\" data-end=\"3469\">Benedict\u2019s Test<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol data-start=\"3470\" data-end=\"3561\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3470\" data-end=\"3515\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3473\" data-end=\"3515\">Negative control: ______________________<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3516\" data-end=\"3561\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3519\" data-end=\"3561\">Positive control: ______________________<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p data-start=\"3563\" data-end=\"3670\"><strong data-start=\"3563\" data-end=\"3578\">Iodine Test<\/strong>\r\n3. Negative control: ______________________<br data-start=\"3622\" data-end=\"3625\" \/>4. Positive control: ______________________<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"3672\" data-end=\"3675\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"3677\" data-end=\"3695\"><strong data-start=\"3681\" data-end=\"3695\">Hypotheses<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"3697\" data-end=\"3851\">In <strong data-start=\"3700\" data-end=\"3711\">Table 1<\/strong>, indicate your hypothesis for each solution. Predict whether each will test <em data-start=\"3788\" data-end=\"3798\">positive<\/em> or <em data-start=\"3802\" data-end=\"3812\">negative<\/em> for sugar and starch, and explain why.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 data-start=\"3853\" data-end=\"3908\"><strong data-start=\"3858\" data-end=\"3908\">Table 1. Hypotheses for Sugar and Starch Tests<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"height: 312px;\" data-start=\"3910\" data-end=\"4379\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"3910\" data-end=\"4025\">\r\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\" data-start=\"3910\" data-end=\"4025\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 48px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"3910\" data-end=\"3925\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3912\" data-end=\"3924\">Solution<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 48px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"3925\" data-end=\"3974\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"3927\" data-end=\"3973\">Presence of Sugar (Hypothesis &amp; Reasoning)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 48px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"3974\" data-end=\"4025\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"3976\" data-end=\"4023\">Presence of Starch (Hypothesis &amp; Reasoning)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"4141\" data-end=\"4379\">\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4141\" data-end=\"4164\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4141\" data-end=\"4159\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Distilled Water<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4159\" data-end=\"4161\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4161\" data-end=\"4164\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4165\" data-end=\"4184\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4165\" data-end=\"4179\" data-col-size=\"sm\">10% Glucose<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4179\" data-end=\"4181\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4181\" data-end=\"4184\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4185\" data-end=\"4208\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4185\" data-end=\"4203\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Starch Solution<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4203\" data-end=\"4205\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4205\" data-end=\"4208\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4209\" data-end=\"4228\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4209\" data-end=\"4223\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Apple Juice<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4223\" data-end=\"4225\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4225\" data-end=\"4228\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4229\" data-end=\"4246\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4229\" data-end=\"4241\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Diet Soda<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4241\" data-end=\"4243\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4243\" data-end=\"4246\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4247\" data-end=\"4267\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4247\" data-end=\"4262\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Regular Soda<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4262\" data-end=\"4264\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4264\" data-end=\"4267\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\" data-start=\"4268\" data-end=\"4316\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 48px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4268\" data-end=\"4311\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Egg White (diluted with distilled water)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 48px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4311\" data-end=\"4313\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 48px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4313\" data-end=\"4316\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4317\" data-end=\"4338\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4317\" data-end=\"4333\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Vegetable Oil<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4333\" data-end=\"4335\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4335\" data-end=\"4338\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4339\" data-end=\"4359\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4339\" data-end=\"4354\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Potato Juice<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4354\" data-end=\"4356\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4356\" data-end=\"4359\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4360\" data-end=\"4379\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4360\" data-end=\"4374\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Onion Juice<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4374\" data-end=\"4376\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4376\" data-end=\"4379\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"4381\" data-end=\"4384\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"4386\" data-end=\"4403\"><strong data-start=\"4390\" data-end=\"4403\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<blockquote data-start=\"4405\" data-end=\"4526\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4407\" data-end=\"4526\"><strong data-start=\"4407\" data-end=\"4418\">Safety:<\/strong> Wear gloves and goggles. Use caution when heating substances. Always direct test tubes away from your face.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<h4 data-start=\"4528\" data-end=\"4562\"><strong data-start=\"4533\" data-end=\"4562\">Benedict\u2019s Test for Sugar<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<ol data-start=\"4564\" data-end=\"5012\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4564\" data-end=\"4600\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4567\" data-end=\"4600\">Set up 10 test tubes in a rack.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4601\" data-end=\"4648\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4604\" data-end=\"4648\">Label each test tube according to Table 1.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4649\" data-end=\"4717\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4652\" data-end=\"4717\">Add <strong data-start=\"4656\" data-end=\"4664\">4 mL<\/strong> of each solution into its corresponding test tube.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4718\" data-end=\"4792\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4721\" data-end=\"4792\">Add <strong data-start=\"4725\" data-end=\"4733\">1 mL<\/strong> of Benedict\u2019s solution to each test tube and mix gently.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4793\" data-end=\"4852\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4796\" data-end=\"4852\">Place tubes in a <strong data-start=\"4813\" data-end=\"4835\">boiling water bath<\/strong> for 3 minutes.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4853\" data-end=\"5012\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4856\" data-end=\"4923\">Observe any color changes and record your results in <strong data-start=\"4909\" data-end=\"4920\">Table 2<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"4927\" data-end=\"5012\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4927\" data-end=\"4949\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4929\" data-end=\"4949\">No reaction \u2192 \u201cNR\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4953\" data-end=\"5012\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4955\" data-end=\"5012\">Weak, moderate, or strong reaction \u2192 record color change.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4 data-start=\"5014\" data-end=\"5045\"><strong data-start=\"5019\" data-end=\"5045\">Iodine Test for Starch<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<ol data-start=\"5047\" data-end=\"5324\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5047\" data-end=\"5124\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5050\" data-end=\"5124\">Wash and rinse all test tubes used in the Benedict\u2019s test (keep labels).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5125\" data-end=\"5172\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5128\" data-end=\"5172\">Set up <strong data-start=\"5135\" data-end=\"5157\">8 clean test tubes<\/strong> in the rack.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5173\" data-end=\"5208\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5176\" data-end=\"5208\">Add <strong data-start=\"5180\" data-end=\"5188\">4 mL<\/strong> of each solution.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5209\" data-end=\"5264\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5212\" data-end=\"5264\">Add <strong data-start=\"5216\" data-end=\"5227\">5 drops<\/strong> of iodine solution and mix gently.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5265\" data-end=\"5324\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5268\" data-end=\"5324\">Observe color changes and record results in <strong data-start=\"5312\" data-end=\"5323\">Table 2<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"5326\" data-end=\"5329\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"5331\" data-end=\"5351\"><strong data-start=\"5335\" data-end=\"5351\">Observations<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<h4 data-start=\"5353\" data-end=\"5410\"><strong data-start=\"5358\" data-end=\"5410\">Table 2. Results for Benedict\u2019s and Iodine Tests<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"5412\" data-end=\"5792\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"5412\" data-end=\"5485\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"5412\" data-end=\"5485\">\r\n<th data-start=\"5412\" data-end=\"5427\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5414\" data-end=\"5426\">Solution<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5427\" data-end=\"5457\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5429\" data-end=\"5456\">Benedict\u2019s Test (Sugar)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5457\" data-end=\"5485\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5459\" data-end=\"5483\">Iodine Test (Starch)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"5564\" data-end=\"5792\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"5564\" data-end=\"5587\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5564\" data-end=\"5582\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Distilled Water<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5582\" data-end=\"5584\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5584\" data-end=\"5587\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"5588\" data-end=\"5607\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5588\" data-end=\"5602\" data-col-size=\"sm\">10% Glucose<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5602\" data-end=\"5604\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5604\" data-end=\"5607\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"5608\" data-end=\"5631\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5608\" data-end=\"5626\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Starch Solution<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5626\" data-end=\"5628\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5628\" data-end=\"5631\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"5632\" data-end=\"5651\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5632\" data-end=\"5646\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Apple Juice<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5646\" data-end=\"5648\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5648\" data-end=\"5651\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"5652\" data-end=\"5669\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5652\" data-end=\"5664\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Diet Soda<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5664\" data-end=\"5666\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5666\" data-end=\"5669\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"5670\" data-end=\"5690\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5670\" data-end=\"5685\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Regular Soda<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5685\" data-end=\"5687\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5687\" data-end=\"5690\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"5691\" data-end=\"5729\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5691\" data-end=\"5724\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Egg White (diluted with water)<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5724\" data-end=\"5726\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5726\" data-end=\"5729\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"5730\" data-end=\"5751\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5730\" data-end=\"5746\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Vegetable Oil<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5746\" data-end=\"5748\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5748\" data-end=\"5751\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"5752\" data-end=\"5772\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5752\" data-end=\"5767\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Potato Juice<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5767\" data-end=\"5769\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5769\" data-end=\"5772\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"5773\" data-end=\"5792\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5773\" data-end=\"5787\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Onion Juice<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5787\" data-end=\"5789\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"5789\" data-end=\"5792\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"5794\" data-end=\"5797\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"5799\" data-end=\"5844\"><strong data-start=\"5802\" data-end=\"5844\">Experiment 3: Biuret Test for Proteins<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"5846\" data-end=\"5861\"><strong data-start=\"5850\" data-end=\"5861\">Purpose<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"5863\" data-end=\"6093\">The <strong data-start=\"5867\" data-end=\"5882\">Biuret Test<\/strong> detects the presence of <em data-start=\"5907\" data-end=\"5917\">proteins<\/em>.<br data-start=\"5918\" data-end=\"5921\" \/>Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and copper sulfate (CuSO\u2084\u00b75H\u2082O) react with peptide bonds to form a <strong data-start=\"6012\" data-end=\"6028\">purple color<\/strong>. The intensity of this color reflects the protein concentration.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"6095\" data-end=\"6120\"><strong data-start=\"6099\" data-end=\"6120\">Identify Controls<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ol data-start=\"6122\" data-end=\"6213\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6122\" data-end=\"6167\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6125\" data-end=\"6167\">Negative control: ______________________<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6168\" data-end=\"6213\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6171\" data-end=\"6213\">Positive control: ______________________<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"6215\" data-end=\"6218\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"6220\" data-end=\"6238\"><strong data-start=\"6224\" data-end=\"6238\">Hypotheses<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"6240\" data-end=\"6366\">In the table below, record your predictions for each sample \u2014 whether it will test positive or negative for proteins, and why.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 data-start=\"6368\" data-end=\"6409\"><strong data-start=\"6373\" data-end=\"6409\">Table 3. Biuret Test for Protein<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"6411\" data-end=\"6862\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"6411\" data-end=\"6512\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"6411\" data-end=\"6512\">\r\n<th data-start=\"6411\" data-end=\"6426\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6413\" data-end=\"6425\">Solution<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6426\" data-end=\"6469\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6428\" data-end=\"6468\">Hypothesis (Positive\/Negative? Why?)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6469\" data-end=\"6512\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6471\" data-end=\"6510\">Observed Color Change (Biuret Test)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"6618\" data-end=\"6862\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"6618\" data-end=\"6641\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6618\" data-end=\"6636\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Distilled Water<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6636\" data-end=\"6638\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6638\" data-end=\"6641\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6642\" data-end=\"6677\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6642\" data-end=\"6672\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1% Albumin Protein Solution<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6672\" data-end=\"6674\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6674\" data-end=\"6677\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6678\" data-end=\"6701\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6678\" data-end=\"6696\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Starch Solution<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6696\" data-end=\"6698\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6698\" data-end=\"6701\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6702\" data-end=\"6721\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6702\" data-end=\"6716\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Apple Juice<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6716\" data-end=\"6718\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6718\" data-end=\"6721\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6722\" data-end=\"6739\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6722\" data-end=\"6734\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Diet Soda<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6734\" data-end=\"6736\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6736\" data-end=\"6739\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6740\" data-end=\"6760\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6740\" data-end=\"6755\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Regular Soda<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6755\" data-end=\"6757\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6757\" data-end=\"6760\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6761\" data-end=\"6799\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6761\" data-end=\"6794\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Egg White (diluted with water)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6794\" data-end=\"6796\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6796\" data-end=\"6799\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6800\" data-end=\"6821\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6800\" data-end=\"6816\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Vegetable Oil<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6816\" data-end=\"6818\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6818\" data-end=\"6821\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6822\" data-end=\"6842\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6822\" data-end=\"6837\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Potato Juice<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6837\" data-end=\"6839\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6839\" data-end=\"6842\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6843\" data-end=\"6862\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6843\" data-end=\"6857\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Onion Juice<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6857\" data-end=\"6859\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6859\" data-end=\"6862\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"6864\" data-end=\"6867\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"6869\" data-end=\"6886\"><strong data-start=\"6873\" data-end=\"6886\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<blockquote data-start=\"6888\" data-end=\"6957\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6890\" data-end=\"6957\"><strong data-start=\"6890\" data-end=\"6902\">Caution:<\/strong> Wear gloves and goggles when handling Biuret solution.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<ol data-start=\"6959\" data-end=\"7285\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6959\" data-end=\"7005\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6962\" data-end=\"7005\">Place 10 labeled test tubes in your rack.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7006\" data-end=\"7054\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7009\" data-end=\"7054\">Add <strong data-start=\"7013\" data-end=\"7021\">1 mL<\/strong> of each solution listed above.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7055\" data-end=\"7120\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7058\" data-end=\"7120\">Add <strong data-start=\"7062\" data-end=\"7070\">1 mL<\/strong> of Biuret solution and mix by tapping the tube.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7121\" data-end=\"7195\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7124\" data-end=\"7195\">Record color changes and indicate intensity (weak, moderate, strong).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7196\" data-end=\"7230\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7199\" data-end=\"7230\">Dispose of contents properly.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7231\" data-end=\"7285\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7234\" data-end=\"7285\">Wash, rinse, and dry tubes for the next experiment.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"7287\" data-end=\"7290\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"7292\" data-end=\"7338\"><strong data-start=\"7295\" data-end=\"7338\">Experiment 4: Sudan III Test for Lipids<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"7340\" data-end=\"7355\"><strong data-start=\"7344\" data-end=\"7355\">Purpose<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"7357\" data-end=\"7471\">The <strong data-start=\"7361\" data-end=\"7379\">Sudan III Test<\/strong> detects <em data-start=\"7388\" data-end=\"7396\">lipids<\/em>.<br data-start=\"7397\" data-end=\"7400\" \/>Sudan III dye combines with lipids to produce a <strong data-start=\"7448\" data-end=\"7470\">vivid orange color<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"7473\" data-end=\"7498\"><strong data-start=\"7477\" data-end=\"7498\">Identify Controls<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ol data-start=\"7500\" data-end=\"7591\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7500\" data-end=\"7545\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7503\" data-end=\"7545\">Negative control: ______________________<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7546\" data-end=\"7591\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7549\" data-end=\"7591\">Positive control: ______________________<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"7593\" data-end=\"7596\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"7598\" data-end=\"7616\"><strong data-start=\"7602\" data-end=\"7616\">Hypotheses<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"7618\" data-end=\"7723\">In Table 4, record your hypothesis for each sample \u2014 positive or negative for lipids, and your reasoning.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"7725\" data-end=\"7728\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"7730\" data-end=\"7747\"><strong data-start=\"7734\" data-end=\"7747\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<blockquote data-start=\"7749\" data-end=\"7842\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7751\" data-end=\"7842\"><strong data-start=\"7751\" data-end=\"7763\">Caution:<\/strong> Do not discard Sudan III down the sink. A disposal container will be provided.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<ol data-start=\"7844\" data-end=\"8299\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7844\" data-end=\"7997\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7847\" data-end=\"7997\">On a piece of filter paper, draw several <strong data-start=\"7888\" data-end=\"7904\">1-cm circles<\/strong> with a pencil. Label each circle with a sample abbreviation (e.g., W = water, B = butter).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7998\" data-end=\"8067\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8001\" data-end=\"8067\">Place <strong data-start=\"8007\" data-end=\"8019\">one drop<\/strong> of each sample on the paper and allow to dry.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8068\" data-end=\"8128\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8071\" data-end=\"8128\">Immerse the paper in <strong data-start=\"8092\" data-end=\"8111\">Sudan III stain<\/strong> for 5 minutes.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8129\" data-end=\"8205\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8132\" data-end=\"8205\">Using forceps, remove the paper and rinse gently in water for 1 minute.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8206\" data-end=\"8299\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8209\" data-end=\"8299\">Observe coloration and record results in Table 4 (intensity: weak, moderate, or strong).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4 data-start=\"8301\" data-end=\"8349\"><strong data-start=\"8306\" data-end=\"8349\">Paper Bag Test (Alternative for Lipids)<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<ol data-start=\"8351\" data-end=\"8532\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8351\" data-end=\"8425\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8354\" data-end=\"8425\">Repeat steps 1\u20132 using a <strong data-start=\"8379\" data-end=\"8398\">brown paper bag<\/strong> instead of filter paper.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8426\" data-end=\"8502\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8429\" data-end=\"8502\">Allow to dry. Substances containing lipids will remain <strong data-start=\"8484\" data-end=\"8499\">translucent<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8503\" data-end=\"8532\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8506\" data-end=\"8532\">Record results in Table 4.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"8534\" data-end=\"8537\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"8539\" data-end=\"8559\"><strong data-start=\"8543\" data-end=\"8559\">Observations<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<h4 data-start=\"8561\" data-end=\"8619\"><strong data-start=\"8566\" data-end=\"8619\">Table 4. Sudan III and Paper Bag Tests for Lipids<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"8621\" data-end=\"9149\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"8621\" data-end=\"8737\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"8621\" data-end=\"8737\">\r\n<th data-start=\"8621\" data-end=\"8636\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"8623\" data-end=\"8635\">Solution<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"8636\" data-end=\"8678\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"8638\" data-end=\"8677\">Hypothesis (Positive\/Negative, Why)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"8678\" data-end=\"8706\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"8680\" data-end=\"8705\">Sudan III Test (Fats)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"8706\" data-end=\"8737\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"8708\" data-end=\"8735\">Paper Bag Test (Lipids)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"8860\" data-end=\"9149\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"8860\" data-end=\"8891\">\r\n<td data-start=\"8860\" data-end=\"8884\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Distilled Water (\u201cW\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8884\" data-end=\"8886\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8886\" data-end=\"8888\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8888\" data-end=\"8891\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"8892\" data-end=\"8921\">\r\n<td data-start=\"8892\" data-end=\"8914\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Vegetable Oil (\u201cV\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8914\" data-end=\"8916\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8916\" data-end=\"8918\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8918\" data-end=\"8921\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"8922\" data-end=\"8944\">\r\n<td data-start=\"8922\" data-end=\"8937\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Butter (\u201cB\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8937\" data-end=\"8939\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8939\" data-end=\"8941\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8941\" data-end=\"8944\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"8945\" data-end=\"8978\">\r\n<td data-start=\"8945\" data-end=\"8971\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Butter Substitute (\u201cX\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8971\" data-end=\"8973\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8973\" data-end=\"8975\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8975\" data-end=\"8978\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"8979\" data-end=\"9006\">\r\n<td data-start=\"8979\" data-end=\"8999\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Whole Milk (\u201cWM\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8999\" data-end=\"9001\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9001\" data-end=\"9003\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9003\" data-end=\"9006\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"9007\" data-end=\"9032\">\r\n<td data-start=\"9007\" data-end=\"9025\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Egg White (\u201cE\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9025\" data-end=\"9027\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9027\" data-end=\"9029\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9029\" data-end=\"9032\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"9033\" data-end=\"9059\">\r\n<td data-start=\"9033\" data-end=\"9052\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Skim Milk (\u201cSM\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9052\" data-end=\"9054\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9054\" data-end=\"9056\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9056\" data-end=\"9059\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"9060\" data-end=\"9092\">\r\n<td data-start=\"9060\" data-end=\"9085\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Fat-Free Butter (\u201cFB\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9085\" data-end=\"9087\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9087\" data-end=\"9089\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9089\" data-end=\"9092\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"9093\" data-end=\"9120\">\r\n<td data-start=\"9093\" data-end=\"9113\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Apple Juice (\u201cA\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9113\" data-end=\"9115\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9115\" data-end=\"9117\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9117\" data-end=\"9120\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"9121\" data-end=\"9149\">\r\n<td data-start=\"9121\" data-end=\"9142\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Coconut Milk (\u201cC\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9142\" data-end=\"9144\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9144\" data-end=\"9146\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9146\" data-end=\"9149\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"9151\" data-end=\"9154\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"9156\" data-end=\"9174\"><strong data-start=\"9159\" data-end=\"9174\">Conclusions<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"9176\" data-end=\"9316\">Write your conclusions based on your experimental results. You should include <strong data-start=\"9254\" data-end=\"9289\">at least one paragraph for each<\/strong> of the following sections:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"9318\" data-end=\"9379\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9318\" data-end=\"9332\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9320\" data-end=\"9332\"><strong data-start=\"9320\" data-end=\"9330\">Sugars<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9333\" data-end=\"9349\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9335\" data-end=\"9349\"><strong data-start=\"9335\" data-end=\"9347\">Starches<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9350\" data-end=\"9366\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9352\" data-end=\"9366\"><strong data-start=\"9352\" data-end=\"9364\">Proteins<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9367\" data-end=\"9379\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9369\" data-end=\"9379\"><strong data-start=\"9369\" data-end=\"9379\">Lipids<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"9381\" data-end=\"9403\">Each paragraph should:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"9404\" data-end=\"9534\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9404\" data-end=\"9434\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9406\" data-end=\"9434\">Use <strong data-start=\"9410\" data-end=\"9432\">complete sentences<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9435\" data-end=\"9503\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9437\" data-end=\"9503\">Clearly state whether your hypotheses were supported or rejected<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9504\" data-end=\"9534\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9506\" data-end=\"9534\">Reference observed results<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"9536\" data-end=\"9561\"><strong data-start=\"9540\" data-end=\"9561\">Guiding Questions<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul data-start=\"9563\" data-end=\"9878\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9563\" data-end=\"9659\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9565\" data-end=\"9659\">What did you expect, and why do you think certain substances contained sugar but not starch?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9660\" data-end=\"9729\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9662\" data-end=\"9729\">Did any results from the sugar or starch tests surprise you? Why?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9730\" data-end=\"9823\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9732\" data-end=\"9823\">Were the protein test results consistent with your expectations or with nutrition labels?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9824\" data-end=\"9878\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9826\" data-end=\"9878\">Why do you think you got the results that you did?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Licenses and Attribution<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3><strong>CC Licensed Content, Original:<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\r\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\r\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">This educational material includes AI-generated content from ChatGPT by OpenAI. The original content created by Dr. Zeinab Motawe\u00a0from Hillsborough College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/deed.en\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\r\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">All images in this textbook generated with DALL-E are licensed under the terms provided by OpenAI, allowing for their free use, modification, and distribution with appropriate attribution.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>Other Licensed Content Included:<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Adapted with permission from BioScience I Laboratory Manual by Jamie Colson-Moon and Denise Bristol. Per request from these original authors, this content is now licensed (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA<\/a>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h1 data-start=\"558\" data-end=\"575\"><strong data-start=\"561\" data-end=\"575\">Introduction<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"577\" data-end=\"638\">There are four major classifications of biological compounds:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"717\">\n<li data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"662\">\n<p data-start=\"643\" data-end=\"662\">Carbohydrates<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"663\" data-end=\"680\">\n<p data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"680\">Proteins<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"681\" data-end=\"696\">\n<p data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"696\">Lipids<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"717\">\n<p data-start=\"700\" data-end=\"717\">Nucleic Acids<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"719\" data-end=\"828\">Each major classification can be divided into <strong data-start=\"765\" data-end=\"778\">subgroups<\/strong> that correspond to <strong data-start=\"798\" data-end=\"810\">monomers<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"827\">polymers<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"830\" data-end=\"1036\">\n<li data-start=\"830\" data-end=\"962\">\n<p data-start=\"832\" data-end=\"962\"><strong data-start=\"832\" data-end=\"844\">Monomers<\/strong> are smaller molecules that bond together in <strong data-start=\"889\" data-end=\"914\">dehydration reactions<\/strong> to form larger molecules called <strong data-start=\"947\" data-end=\"959\">polymers<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"963\" data-end=\"1036\">\n<p data-start=\"965\" data-end=\"1036\"><strong data-start=\"965\" data-end=\"977\">Polymers<\/strong> are broken down into monomers in <strong data-start=\"1011\" data-end=\"1035\">hydrolysis reactions<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1038\" data-end=\"1059\"><strong data-start=\"1042\" data-end=\"1059\">Carbohydrates<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1061\" data-end=\"1261\">Carbohydrates are molecules composed primarily of <strong data-start=\"1111\" data-end=\"1143\">carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen<\/strong> in the form of sugar molecules.<br data-start=\"1175\" data-end=\"1178\" \/>They can be classified as <strong data-start=\"1204\" data-end=\"1226\">simple sugars (SS)<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"1230\" data-end=\"1260\">complex carbohydrates (CC)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1263\" data-end=\"1506\">\n<li data-start=\"1263\" data-end=\"1333\">\n<p data-start=\"1265\" data-end=\"1333\"><strong data-start=\"1265\" data-end=\"1278\">Monomers:<\/strong> Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1334\" data-end=\"1429\">\n<p data-start=\"1336\" data-end=\"1429\"><strong data-start=\"1336\" data-end=\"1354\">Disaccharides:<\/strong> Two monosaccharides joined together (e.g., sucrose = glucose + fructose)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1430\" data-end=\"1506\">\n<p data-start=\"1432\" data-end=\"1506\"><strong data-start=\"1432\" data-end=\"1452\">Polysaccharides:<\/strong> Many monosaccharides bonded together (e.g., starches)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1508\" data-end=\"1524\"><strong data-start=\"1512\" data-end=\"1524\">Proteins<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1526\" data-end=\"1713\">Proteins are essential biological molecules and fundamental components of all living cells. They include enzymes, hormones, and antibodies that are necessary for proper organism function.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1715\" data-end=\"1831\">\n<li data-start=\"1715\" data-end=\"1761\">\n<p data-start=\"1717\" data-end=\"1761\"><strong data-start=\"1717\" data-end=\"1730\">Monomers:<\/strong> Amino acids (20 total types)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1762\" data-end=\"1831\">\n<p data-start=\"1764\" data-end=\"1831\"><strong data-start=\"1764\" data-end=\"1777\">Polymers:<\/strong> Dipeptides and polypeptides (formed by peptide bonds)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1833\" data-end=\"1847\"><strong data-start=\"1837\" data-end=\"1847\">Lipids<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1849\" data-end=\"2051\">Lipids (fats) consist of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), but with a <strong data-start=\"1927\" data-end=\"1962\">higher hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio<\/strong> than carbohydrates. They include <strong data-start=\"1996\" data-end=\"2013\">triglycerides<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"2015\" data-end=\"2032\">phospholipids<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"2038\" data-end=\"2050\">steroids<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2053\" data-end=\"2216\">\n<li data-start=\"2053\" data-end=\"2114\">\n<p data-start=\"2055\" data-end=\"2114\"><strong data-start=\"2055\" data-end=\"2085\">Monomers of triglycerides:<\/strong> 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2115\" data-end=\"2216\">\n<p data-start=\"2117\" data-end=\"2135\"><strong data-start=\"2117\" data-end=\"2133\">Fatty acids:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2138\" data-end=\"2216\">\n<li data-start=\"2138\" data-end=\"2171\">\n<p data-start=\"2140\" data-end=\"2171\"><em data-start=\"2140\" data-end=\"2151\">Saturated<\/em> (no double bonds)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2174\" data-end=\"2216\">\n<p data-start=\"2176\" data-end=\"2216\"><em data-start=\"2176\" data-end=\"2189\">Unsaturated<\/em> (one or more double bonds)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"2391\" data-end=\"2394\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"2396\" data-end=\"2429\"><strong data-start=\"2399\" data-end=\"2429\">Overview of Chemical Tests<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2431\" data-end=\"2608\">In this lab, you will use various <strong data-start=\"2465\" data-end=\"2486\">chemical reagents<\/strong> to test for the presence of biological molecules.<br data-start=\"2536\" data-end=\"2539\" \/>Each test includes <strong data-start=\"2558\" data-end=\"2592\">positive and negative controls<\/strong> for comparison.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2610\" data-end=\"2613\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"2615\" data-end=\"2693\"><strong data-start=\"2618\" data-end=\"2693\">Experiment 1 &amp; 2: Benedict\u2019s Test for Sugars and Iodine Test for Starch<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"2695\" data-end=\"2710\"><strong data-start=\"2699\" data-end=\"2710\">Purpose<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2712\" data-end=\"2854\">\n<li data-start=\"2712\" data-end=\"2854\">\n<p data-start=\"2714\" data-end=\"2854\"><strong data-start=\"2714\" data-end=\"2734\">Benedict\u2019s Test:<\/strong> Detects <em data-start=\"2743\" data-end=\"2758\">simple sugars<\/em> (monosaccharides).<br data-start=\"2777\" data-end=\"2780\" \/>Benedict\u2019s solution reacts with reducing sugars to cause a color change.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" style=\"height: 72px;\" data-start=\"2856\" data-end=\"3085\">\n<thead data-start=\"2856\" data-end=\"2908\">\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"2856\" data-end=\"2908\">\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 236.208px;\" data-start=\"2856\" data-end=\"2888\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2858\" data-end=\"2887\">Amount of Monosaccharides<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 271.698px;\" data-start=\"2888\" data-end=\"2908\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2890\" data-end=\"2906\">Color Change<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"2962\" data-end=\"3085\">\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"2962\" data-end=\"3014\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 236.208px;\" data-start=\"2962\" data-end=\"2994\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Small amount<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 271.698px;\" data-start=\"2994\" data-end=\"3014\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Blue \u2192 Green<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"3015\" data-end=\"3085\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 236.208px;\" data-start=\"3015\" data-end=\"3047\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Moderate to large amount<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 271.698px;\" data-start=\"3047\" data-end=\"3085\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Blue \u2192 Yellow \u2192 Orange \u2192 Brick Red<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul data-start=\"3087\" data-end=\"3194\">\n<li data-start=\"3087\" data-end=\"3194\">\n<p data-start=\"3089\" data-end=\"3194\"><strong data-start=\"3089\" data-end=\"3105\">Iodine Test:<\/strong> Detects <em data-start=\"3114\" data-end=\"3132\">starch molecules<\/em>.<br data-start=\"3133\" data-end=\"3136\" \/>If starch is present, the solution changes to <strong data-start=\"3184\" data-end=\"3193\">black<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"3196\" data-end=\"3199\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"3201\" data-end=\"3226\"><strong data-start=\"3205\" data-end=\"3226\">Pre-Lab Questions<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3228\" data-end=\"3261\">In this experiment, you will use:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3263\" data-end=\"3406\">\n<li data-start=\"3263\" data-end=\"3334\">\n<p data-start=\"3265\" data-end=\"3334\"><strong data-start=\"3265\" data-end=\"3286\">Negative control:<\/strong> No sugar present (remains blue after heating)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3335\" data-end=\"3406\">\n<p data-start=\"3337\" data-end=\"3406\"><strong data-start=\"3337\" data-end=\"3358\">Positive control:<\/strong> High sugar content (turns orange after heating)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3408\" data-end=\"3448\">Identify the following before beginning:<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3450\" data-end=\"3469\"><strong data-start=\"3450\" data-end=\"3469\">Benedict\u2019s Test<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"3470\" data-end=\"3561\">\n<li data-start=\"3470\" data-end=\"3515\">\n<p data-start=\"3473\" data-end=\"3515\">Negative control: ______________________<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3516\" data-end=\"3561\">\n<p data-start=\"3519\" data-end=\"3561\">Positive control: ______________________<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"3563\" data-end=\"3670\"><strong data-start=\"3563\" data-end=\"3578\">Iodine Test<\/strong><br \/>\n3. Negative control: ______________________<br data-start=\"3622\" data-end=\"3625\" \/>4. Positive control: ______________________<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3672\" data-end=\"3675\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"3677\" data-end=\"3695\"><strong data-start=\"3681\" data-end=\"3695\">Hypotheses<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3697\" data-end=\"3851\">In <strong data-start=\"3700\" data-end=\"3711\">Table 1<\/strong>, indicate your hypothesis for each solution. Predict whether each will test <em data-start=\"3788\" data-end=\"3798\">positive<\/em> or <em data-start=\"3802\" data-end=\"3812\">negative<\/em> for sugar and starch, and explain why.<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3853\" data-end=\"3908\"><strong data-start=\"3858\" data-end=\"3908\">Table 1. Hypotheses for Sugar and Starch Tests<\/strong><\/h4>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"height: 312px;\" data-start=\"3910\" data-end=\"4379\">\n<thead data-start=\"3910\" data-end=\"4025\">\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\" data-start=\"3910\" data-end=\"4025\">\n<th style=\"height: 48px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"3910\" data-end=\"3925\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3912\" data-end=\"3924\">Solution<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 48px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"3925\" data-end=\"3974\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"3927\" data-end=\"3973\">Presence of Sugar (Hypothesis &amp; Reasoning)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 48px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"3974\" data-end=\"4025\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"3976\" data-end=\"4023\">Presence of Starch (Hypothesis &amp; Reasoning)<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"4141\" data-end=\"4379\">\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4141\" data-end=\"4164\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4141\" data-end=\"4159\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Distilled Water<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4159\" data-end=\"4161\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4161\" data-end=\"4164\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4165\" data-end=\"4184\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4165\" data-end=\"4179\" data-col-size=\"sm\">10% Glucose<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4179\" data-end=\"4181\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4181\" data-end=\"4184\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4185\" data-end=\"4208\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4185\" data-end=\"4203\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Starch Solution<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4203\" data-end=\"4205\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4205\" data-end=\"4208\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4209\" data-end=\"4228\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4209\" data-end=\"4223\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Apple Juice<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4223\" data-end=\"4225\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4225\" data-end=\"4228\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4229\" data-end=\"4246\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4229\" data-end=\"4241\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Diet Soda<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4241\" data-end=\"4243\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4243\" data-end=\"4246\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4247\" data-end=\"4267\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4247\" data-end=\"4262\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Regular Soda<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4262\" data-end=\"4264\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4264\" data-end=\"4267\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\" data-start=\"4268\" data-end=\"4316\">\n<td style=\"height: 48px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4268\" data-end=\"4311\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Egg White (diluted with distilled water)<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 48px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4311\" data-end=\"4313\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 48px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4313\" data-end=\"4316\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4317\" data-end=\"4338\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4317\" data-end=\"4333\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Vegetable Oil<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4333\" data-end=\"4335\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4335\" data-end=\"4338\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4339\" data-end=\"4359\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4339\" data-end=\"4354\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Potato Juice<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4354\" data-end=\"4356\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4356\" data-end=\"4359\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"4360\" data-end=\"4379\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 231.135px;\" data-start=\"4360\" data-end=\"4374\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Onion Juice<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 305.24px;\" data-start=\"4374\" data-end=\"4376\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 309.625px;\" data-start=\"4376\" data-end=\"4379\" data-col-size=\"md\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"4381\" data-end=\"4384\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"4386\" data-end=\"4403\"><strong data-start=\"4390\" data-end=\"4403\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\n<blockquote data-start=\"4405\" data-end=\"4526\">\n<p data-start=\"4407\" data-end=\"4526\"><strong data-start=\"4407\" data-end=\"4418\">Safety:<\/strong> Wear gloves and goggles. Use caution when heating substances. Always direct test tubes away from your face.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4 data-start=\"4528\" data-end=\"4562\"><strong data-start=\"4533\" data-end=\"4562\">Benedict\u2019s Test for Sugar<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ol data-start=\"4564\" data-end=\"5012\">\n<li data-start=\"4564\" data-end=\"4600\">\n<p data-start=\"4567\" data-end=\"4600\">Set up 10 test tubes in a rack.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4601\" data-end=\"4648\">\n<p data-start=\"4604\" data-end=\"4648\">Label each test tube according to Table 1.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4649\" data-end=\"4717\">\n<p data-start=\"4652\" data-end=\"4717\">Add <strong data-start=\"4656\" data-end=\"4664\">4 mL<\/strong> of each solution into its corresponding test tube.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4718\" data-end=\"4792\">\n<p data-start=\"4721\" data-end=\"4792\">Add <strong data-start=\"4725\" data-end=\"4733\">1 mL<\/strong> of Benedict\u2019s solution to each test tube and mix gently.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4793\" data-end=\"4852\">\n<p data-start=\"4796\" data-end=\"4852\">Place tubes in a <strong data-start=\"4813\" data-end=\"4835\">boiling water bath<\/strong> for 3 minutes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4853\" data-end=\"5012\">\n<p data-start=\"4856\" data-end=\"4923\">Observe any color changes and record your results in <strong data-start=\"4909\" data-end=\"4920\">Table 2<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4927\" data-end=\"5012\">\n<li data-start=\"4927\" data-end=\"4949\">\n<p data-start=\"4929\" data-end=\"4949\">No reaction \u2192 \u201cNR\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4953\" data-end=\"5012\">\n<p data-start=\"4955\" data-end=\"5012\">Weak, moderate, or strong reaction \u2192 record color change.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 data-start=\"5014\" data-end=\"5045\"><strong data-start=\"5019\" data-end=\"5045\">Iodine Test for Starch<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ol data-start=\"5047\" data-end=\"5324\">\n<li data-start=\"5047\" data-end=\"5124\">\n<p data-start=\"5050\" data-end=\"5124\">Wash and rinse all test tubes used in the Benedict\u2019s test (keep labels).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5125\" data-end=\"5172\">\n<p data-start=\"5128\" data-end=\"5172\">Set up <strong data-start=\"5135\" data-end=\"5157\">8 clean test tubes<\/strong> in the rack.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5173\" data-end=\"5208\">\n<p data-start=\"5176\" data-end=\"5208\">Add <strong data-start=\"5180\" data-end=\"5188\">4 mL<\/strong> of each solution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5209\" data-end=\"5264\">\n<p data-start=\"5212\" data-end=\"5264\">Add <strong data-start=\"5216\" data-end=\"5227\">5 drops<\/strong> of iodine solution and mix gently.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5265\" data-end=\"5324\">\n<p data-start=\"5268\" data-end=\"5324\">Observe color changes and record results in <strong data-start=\"5312\" data-end=\"5323\">Table 2<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"5326\" data-end=\"5329\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"5331\" data-end=\"5351\"><strong data-start=\"5335\" data-end=\"5351\">Observations<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h4 data-start=\"5353\" data-end=\"5410\"><strong data-start=\"5358\" data-end=\"5410\">Table 2. Results for Benedict\u2019s and Iodine Tests<\/strong><\/h4>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"5412\" data-end=\"5792\">\n<thead data-start=\"5412\" data-end=\"5485\">\n<tr data-start=\"5412\" data-end=\"5485\">\n<th data-start=\"5412\" data-end=\"5427\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5414\" data-end=\"5426\">Solution<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5427\" data-end=\"5457\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5429\" data-end=\"5456\">Benedict\u2019s Test (Sugar)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5457\" data-end=\"5485\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5459\" data-end=\"5483\">Iodine Test (Starch)<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"5564\" data-end=\"5792\">\n<tr data-start=\"5564\" data-end=\"5587\">\n<td data-start=\"5564\" data-end=\"5582\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Distilled Water<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5582\" data-end=\"5584\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5584\" data-end=\"5587\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5588\" data-end=\"5607\">\n<td data-start=\"5588\" data-end=\"5602\" data-col-size=\"sm\">10% Glucose<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5602\" data-end=\"5604\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5604\" data-end=\"5607\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5608\" data-end=\"5631\">\n<td data-start=\"5608\" data-end=\"5626\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Starch Solution<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5626\" data-end=\"5628\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5628\" data-end=\"5631\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5632\" data-end=\"5651\">\n<td data-start=\"5632\" data-end=\"5646\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Apple Juice<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5646\" data-end=\"5648\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5648\" data-end=\"5651\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5652\" data-end=\"5669\">\n<td data-start=\"5652\" data-end=\"5664\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Diet Soda<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5664\" data-end=\"5666\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5666\" data-end=\"5669\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5670\" data-end=\"5690\">\n<td data-start=\"5670\" data-end=\"5685\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Regular Soda<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5685\" data-end=\"5687\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5687\" data-end=\"5690\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5691\" data-end=\"5729\">\n<td data-start=\"5691\" data-end=\"5724\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Egg White (diluted with water)<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5724\" data-end=\"5726\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5726\" data-end=\"5729\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5730\" data-end=\"5751\">\n<td data-start=\"5730\" data-end=\"5746\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Vegetable Oil<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5746\" data-end=\"5748\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5748\" data-end=\"5751\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5752\" data-end=\"5772\">\n<td data-start=\"5752\" data-end=\"5767\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Potato Juice<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5767\" data-end=\"5769\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5769\" data-end=\"5772\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5773\" data-end=\"5792\">\n<td data-start=\"5773\" data-end=\"5787\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Onion Juice<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5787\" data-end=\"5789\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5789\" data-end=\"5792\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"5794\" data-end=\"5797\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"5799\" data-end=\"5844\"><strong data-start=\"5802\" data-end=\"5844\">Experiment 3: Biuret Test for Proteins<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"5846\" data-end=\"5861\"><strong data-start=\"5850\" data-end=\"5861\">Purpose<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"5863\" data-end=\"6093\">The <strong data-start=\"5867\" data-end=\"5882\">Biuret Test<\/strong> detects the presence of <em data-start=\"5907\" data-end=\"5917\">proteins<\/em>.<br data-start=\"5918\" data-end=\"5921\" \/>Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and copper sulfate (CuSO\u2084\u00b75H\u2082O) react with peptide bonds to form a <strong data-start=\"6012\" data-end=\"6028\">purple color<\/strong>. The intensity of this color reflects the protein concentration.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"6095\" data-end=\"6120\"><strong data-start=\"6099\" data-end=\"6120\">Identify Controls<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"6122\" data-end=\"6213\">\n<li data-start=\"6122\" data-end=\"6167\">\n<p data-start=\"6125\" data-end=\"6167\">Negative control: ______________________<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6168\" data-end=\"6213\">\n<p data-start=\"6171\" data-end=\"6213\">Positive control: ______________________<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"6215\" data-end=\"6218\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"6220\" data-end=\"6238\"><strong data-start=\"6224\" data-end=\"6238\">Hypotheses<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"6240\" data-end=\"6366\">In the table below, record your predictions for each sample \u2014 whether it will test positive or negative for proteins, and why.<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"6368\" data-end=\"6409\"><strong data-start=\"6373\" data-end=\"6409\">Table 3. Biuret Test for Protein<\/strong><\/h4>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"6411\" data-end=\"6862\">\n<thead data-start=\"6411\" data-end=\"6512\">\n<tr data-start=\"6411\" data-end=\"6512\">\n<th data-start=\"6411\" data-end=\"6426\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6413\" data-end=\"6425\">Solution<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6426\" data-end=\"6469\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6428\" data-end=\"6468\">Hypothesis (Positive\/Negative? Why?)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6469\" data-end=\"6512\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6471\" data-end=\"6510\">Observed Color Change (Biuret Test)<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"6618\" data-end=\"6862\">\n<tr data-start=\"6618\" data-end=\"6641\">\n<td data-start=\"6618\" data-end=\"6636\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Distilled Water<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6636\" data-end=\"6638\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6638\" data-end=\"6641\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6642\" data-end=\"6677\">\n<td data-start=\"6642\" data-end=\"6672\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1% Albumin Protein Solution<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6672\" data-end=\"6674\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6674\" data-end=\"6677\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6678\" data-end=\"6701\">\n<td data-start=\"6678\" data-end=\"6696\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Starch Solution<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6696\" data-end=\"6698\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6698\" data-end=\"6701\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6702\" data-end=\"6721\">\n<td data-start=\"6702\" data-end=\"6716\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Apple Juice<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6716\" data-end=\"6718\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6718\" data-end=\"6721\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6722\" data-end=\"6739\">\n<td data-start=\"6722\" data-end=\"6734\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Diet Soda<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6734\" data-end=\"6736\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6736\" data-end=\"6739\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6740\" data-end=\"6760\">\n<td data-start=\"6740\" data-end=\"6755\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Regular Soda<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6755\" data-end=\"6757\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6757\" data-end=\"6760\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6761\" data-end=\"6799\">\n<td data-start=\"6761\" data-end=\"6794\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Egg White (diluted with water)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6794\" data-end=\"6796\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6796\" data-end=\"6799\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6800\" data-end=\"6821\">\n<td data-start=\"6800\" data-end=\"6816\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Vegetable Oil<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6816\" data-end=\"6818\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6818\" data-end=\"6821\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6822\" data-end=\"6842\">\n<td data-start=\"6822\" data-end=\"6837\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Potato Juice<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6837\" data-end=\"6839\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6839\" data-end=\"6842\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6843\" data-end=\"6862\">\n<td data-start=\"6843\" data-end=\"6857\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Onion Juice<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6857\" data-end=\"6859\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6859\" data-end=\"6862\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"6864\" data-end=\"6867\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"6869\" data-end=\"6886\"><strong data-start=\"6873\" data-end=\"6886\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\n<blockquote data-start=\"6888\" data-end=\"6957\">\n<p data-start=\"6890\" data-end=\"6957\"><strong data-start=\"6890\" data-end=\"6902\">Caution:<\/strong> Wear gloves and goggles when handling Biuret solution.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ol data-start=\"6959\" data-end=\"7285\">\n<li data-start=\"6959\" data-end=\"7005\">\n<p data-start=\"6962\" data-end=\"7005\">Place 10 labeled test tubes in your rack.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7006\" data-end=\"7054\">\n<p data-start=\"7009\" data-end=\"7054\">Add <strong data-start=\"7013\" data-end=\"7021\">1 mL<\/strong> of each solution listed above.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7055\" data-end=\"7120\">\n<p data-start=\"7058\" data-end=\"7120\">Add <strong data-start=\"7062\" data-end=\"7070\">1 mL<\/strong> of Biuret solution and mix by tapping the tube.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7121\" data-end=\"7195\">\n<p data-start=\"7124\" data-end=\"7195\">Record color changes and indicate intensity (weak, moderate, strong).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7196\" data-end=\"7230\">\n<p data-start=\"7199\" data-end=\"7230\">Dispose of contents properly.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7231\" data-end=\"7285\">\n<p data-start=\"7234\" data-end=\"7285\">Wash, rinse, and dry tubes for the next experiment.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"7287\" data-end=\"7290\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"7292\" data-end=\"7338\"><strong data-start=\"7295\" data-end=\"7338\">Experiment 4: Sudan III Test for Lipids<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"7340\" data-end=\"7355\"><strong data-start=\"7344\" data-end=\"7355\">Purpose<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"7357\" data-end=\"7471\">The <strong data-start=\"7361\" data-end=\"7379\">Sudan III Test<\/strong> detects <em data-start=\"7388\" data-end=\"7396\">lipids<\/em>.<br data-start=\"7397\" data-end=\"7400\" \/>Sudan III dye combines with lipids to produce a <strong data-start=\"7448\" data-end=\"7470\">vivid orange color<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"7473\" data-end=\"7498\"><strong data-start=\"7477\" data-end=\"7498\">Identify Controls<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"7500\" data-end=\"7591\">\n<li data-start=\"7500\" data-end=\"7545\">\n<p data-start=\"7503\" data-end=\"7545\">Negative control: ______________________<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7546\" data-end=\"7591\">\n<p data-start=\"7549\" data-end=\"7591\">Positive control: ______________________<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"7593\" data-end=\"7596\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"7598\" data-end=\"7616\"><strong data-start=\"7602\" data-end=\"7616\">Hypotheses<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"7618\" data-end=\"7723\">In Table 4, record your hypothesis for each sample \u2014 positive or negative for lipids, and your reasoning.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7725\" data-end=\"7728\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"7730\" data-end=\"7747\"><strong data-start=\"7734\" data-end=\"7747\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\n<blockquote data-start=\"7749\" data-end=\"7842\">\n<p data-start=\"7751\" data-end=\"7842\"><strong data-start=\"7751\" data-end=\"7763\">Caution:<\/strong> Do not discard Sudan III down the sink. A disposal container will be provided.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ol data-start=\"7844\" data-end=\"8299\">\n<li data-start=\"7844\" data-end=\"7997\">\n<p data-start=\"7847\" data-end=\"7997\">On a piece of filter paper, draw several <strong data-start=\"7888\" data-end=\"7904\">1-cm circles<\/strong> with a pencil. Label each circle with a sample abbreviation (e.g., W = water, B = butter).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7998\" data-end=\"8067\">\n<p data-start=\"8001\" data-end=\"8067\">Place <strong data-start=\"8007\" data-end=\"8019\">one drop<\/strong> of each sample on the paper and allow to dry.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8068\" data-end=\"8128\">\n<p data-start=\"8071\" data-end=\"8128\">Immerse the paper in <strong data-start=\"8092\" data-end=\"8111\">Sudan III stain<\/strong> for 5 minutes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8129\" data-end=\"8205\">\n<p data-start=\"8132\" data-end=\"8205\">Using forceps, remove the paper and rinse gently in water for 1 minute.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8206\" data-end=\"8299\">\n<p data-start=\"8209\" data-end=\"8299\">Observe coloration and record results in Table 4 (intensity: weak, moderate, or strong).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 data-start=\"8301\" data-end=\"8349\"><strong data-start=\"8306\" data-end=\"8349\">Paper Bag Test (Alternative for Lipids)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ol data-start=\"8351\" data-end=\"8532\">\n<li data-start=\"8351\" data-end=\"8425\">\n<p data-start=\"8354\" data-end=\"8425\">Repeat steps 1\u20132 using a <strong data-start=\"8379\" data-end=\"8398\">brown paper bag<\/strong> instead of filter paper.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8426\" data-end=\"8502\">\n<p data-start=\"8429\" data-end=\"8502\">Allow to dry. Substances containing lipids will remain <strong data-start=\"8484\" data-end=\"8499\">translucent<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8503\" data-end=\"8532\">\n<p data-start=\"8506\" data-end=\"8532\">Record results in Table 4.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"8534\" data-end=\"8537\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"8539\" data-end=\"8559\"><strong data-start=\"8543\" data-end=\"8559\">Observations<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h4 data-start=\"8561\" data-end=\"8619\"><strong data-start=\"8566\" data-end=\"8619\">Table 4. Sudan III and Paper Bag Tests for Lipids<\/strong><\/h4>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"8621\" data-end=\"9149\">\n<thead data-start=\"8621\" data-end=\"8737\">\n<tr data-start=\"8621\" data-end=\"8737\">\n<th data-start=\"8621\" data-end=\"8636\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"8623\" data-end=\"8635\">Solution<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"8636\" data-end=\"8678\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"8638\" data-end=\"8677\">Hypothesis (Positive\/Negative, Why)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"8678\" data-end=\"8706\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"8680\" data-end=\"8705\">Sudan III Test (Fats)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"8706\" data-end=\"8737\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"8708\" data-end=\"8735\">Paper Bag Test (Lipids)<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"8860\" data-end=\"9149\">\n<tr data-start=\"8860\" data-end=\"8891\">\n<td data-start=\"8860\" data-end=\"8884\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Distilled Water (\u201cW\u201d)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8884\" data-end=\"8886\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8886\" data-end=\"8888\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8888\" data-end=\"8891\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"8892\" data-end=\"8921\">\n<td data-start=\"8892\" data-end=\"8914\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Vegetable Oil (\u201cV\u201d)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8914\" data-end=\"8916\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8916\" data-end=\"8918\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8918\" data-end=\"8921\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"8922\" data-end=\"8944\">\n<td data-start=\"8922\" data-end=\"8937\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Butter (\u201cB\u201d)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8937\" data-end=\"8939\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8939\" data-end=\"8941\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8941\" data-end=\"8944\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"8945\" data-end=\"8978\">\n<td data-start=\"8945\" data-end=\"8971\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Butter Substitute (\u201cX\u201d)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8971\" data-end=\"8973\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8973\" data-end=\"8975\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8975\" data-end=\"8978\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"8979\" data-end=\"9006\">\n<td data-start=\"8979\" data-end=\"8999\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Whole Milk (\u201cWM\u201d)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8999\" data-end=\"9001\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9001\" data-end=\"9003\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9003\" data-end=\"9006\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"9007\" data-end=\"9032\">\n<td data-start=\"9007\" data-end=\"9025\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Egg White (\u201cE\u201d)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9025\" data-end=\"9027\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9027\" data-end=\"9029\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9029\" data-end=\"9032\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"9033\" data-end=\"9059\">\n<td data-start=\"9033\" data-end=\"9052\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Skim Milk (\u201cSM\u201d)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9052\" data-end=\"9054\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9054\" data-end=\"9056\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9056\" data-end=\"9059\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"9060\" data-end=\"9092\">\n<td data-start=\"9060\" data-end=\"9085\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Fat-Free Butter (\u201cFB\u201d)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9085\" data-end=\"9087\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9087\" data-end=\"9089\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9089\" data-end=\"9092\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"9093\" data-end=\"9120\">\n<td data-start=\"9093\" data-end=\"9113\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Apple Juice (\u201cA\u201d)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9113\" data-end=\"9115\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9115\" data-end=\"9117\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9117\" data-end=\"9120\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"9121\" data-end=\"9149\">\n<td data-start=\"9121\" data-end=\"9142\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Coconut Milk (\u201cC\u201d)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9142\" data-end=\"9144\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9144\" data-end=\"9146\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"9146\" data-end=\"9149\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"9151\" data-end=\"9154\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"9156\" data-end=\"9174\"><strong data-start=\"9159\" data-end=\"9174\">Conclusions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"9176\" data-end=\"9316\">Write your conclusions based on your experimental results. You should include <strong data-start=\"9254\" data-end=\"9289\">at least one paragraph for each<\/strong> of the following sections:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"9318\" data-end=\"9379\">\n<li data-start=\"9318\" data-end=\"9332\">\n<p data-start=\"9320\" data-end=\"9332\"><strong data-start=\"9320\" data-end=\"9330\">Sugars<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9333\" data-end=\"9349\">\n<p data-start=\"9335\" data-end=\"9349\"><strong data-start=\"9335\" data-end=\"9347\">Starches<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9350\" data-end=\"9366\">\n<p data-start=\"9352\" data-end=\"9366\"><strong data-start=\"9352\" data-end=\"9364\">Proteins<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9367\" data-end=\"9379\">\n<p data-start=\"9369\" data-end=\"9379\"><strong data-start=\"9369\" data-end=\"9379\">Lipids<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"9381\" data-end=\"9403\">Each paragraph should:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"9404\" data-end=\"9534\">\n<li data-start=\"9404\" data-end=\"9434\">\n<p data-start=\"9406\" data-end=\"9434\">Use <strong data-start=\"9410\" data-end=\"9432\">complete sentences<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9435\" data-end=\"9503\">\n<p data-start=\"9437\" data-end=\"9503\">Clearly state whether your hypotheses were supported or rejected<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9504\" data-end=\"9534\">\n<p data-start=\"9506\" data-end=\"9534\">Reference observed results<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"9536\" data-end=\"9561\"><strong data-start=\"9540\" data-end=\"9561\">Guiding Questions<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"9563\" data-end=\"9878\">\n<li data-start=\"9563\" data-end=\"9659\">\n<p data-start=\"9565\" data-end=\"9659\">What did you expect, and why do you think certain substances contained sugar but not starch?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9660\" data-end=\"9729\">\n<p data-start=\"9662\" data-end=\"9729\">Did any results from the sugar or starch tests surprise you? Why?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9730\" data-end=\"9823\">\n<p data-start=\"9732\" data-end=\"9823\">Were the protein test results consistent with your expectations or with nutrition labels?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9824\" data-end=\"9878\">\n<p data-start=\"9826\" data-end=\"9878\">Why do you think you got the results that you did?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Licenses and Attribution<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong>CC Licensed Content, Original:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">This educational material includes AI-generated content from ChatGPT by OpenAI. The original content created by Dr. Zeinab Motawe\u00a0from Hillsborough College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/deed.en\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">All images in this textbook generated with DALL-E are licensed under the terms provided by OpenAI, allowing for their free use, modification, and distribution with appropriate attribution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Other Licensed Content Included:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Adapted with permission from BioScience I Laboratory Manual by Jamie Colson-Moon and Denise Bristol. Per request from these original authors, this content is now licensed (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":130,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-233","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/233","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/130"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/233\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":323,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/233\/revisions\/323"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/233\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=233"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=233"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=233"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=233"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}