{"id":252,"date":"2025-11-05T19:34:33","date_gmt":"2025-11-05T19:34:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=252"},"modified":"2025-12-03T16:51:19","modified_gmt":"2025-12-03T16:51:19","slug":"lab-7-enzymes","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/chapter\/lab-7-enzymes\/","title":{"raw":"Lab 7: Enzymes","rendered":"Lab 7: Enzymes"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 data-start=\"460\" data-end=\"495\"><strong data-start=\"462\" data-end=\"495\">Laboratory 7: Enzyme Activity<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"500\" \/>\r\n\r\n<ol data-start=\"8020\" data-end=\"8711\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8020\" data-end=\"8116\">\r\n<h2 data-start=\"313\" data-end=\"339\"><strong data-start=\"316\" data-end=\"339\">Learning Objectives<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"341\" data-end=\"403\">By the end of this laboratory exercise, you should be able to:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"405\" data-end=\"887\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"405\" data-end=\"480\">\r\n<p data-start=\"407\" data-end=\"480\">Describe what enzymes are and explain their role in biological systems.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"481\" data-end=\"537\">\r\n<p data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"537\">Distinguish among enzymes, substrates, and products.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"538\" data-end=\"606\">\r\n<p data-start=\"540\" data-end=\"606\">Explain how an enzyme\u2019s active site contributes to its function.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"607\" data-end=\"702\">\r\n<p data-start=\"609\" data-end=\"702\">Demonstrate enzyme specificity by comparing how an enzyme responds to different substrates.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"703\" data-end=\"791\">\r\n<p data-start=\"705\" data-end=\"791\">Investigate how temperature, pH, and enzyme concentration influence enzyme activity.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"887\">\r\n<p data-start=\"794\" data-end=\"887\">Interpret experimental outcomes using observable indicators such as gas or bubble production.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"889\" data-end=\"892\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"894\" data-end=\"910\"><strong data-start=\"897\" data-end=\"910\">Key Terms<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"1579\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"933\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"933\">\r\n<th data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"919\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Term<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"919\" data-end=\"933\" data-col-size=\"lg\">Definition<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"956\" data-end=\"1579\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"956\" data-end=\"1080\">\r\n<td data-start=\"956\" data-end=\"965\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Enzyme<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"965\" data-end=\"1080\">A biological catalyst\u2014typically a protein\u2014that increases the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1135\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1093\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Substrate<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"1093\" data-end=\"1135\" data-col-size=\"lg\">The molecule that an enzyme acts upon.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1136\" data-end=\"1211\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1136\" data-end=\"1146\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Product<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"1146\" data-end=\"1211\">The substance(s) produced after an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1212\" data-end=\"1298\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1212\" data-end=\"1226\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Active Site<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"1226\" data-end=\"1298\">The region of an enzyme where substrate binding and catalysis occur.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1299\" data-end=\"1443\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1299\" data-end=\"1320\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Enzyme Specificity<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"1320\" data-end=\"1443\">The characteristic of enzymes that allows them to catalyze only certain reactions or interact with specific substrates.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1444\" data-end=\"1579\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1444\" data-end=\"1462\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Catalase Reaction<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"1462\" data-end=\"1579\">The breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"1581\" data-end=\"1584\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h1 data-start=\"1586\" data-end=\"1604\"><strong data-start=\"1588\" data-end=\"1604\">Introduction<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<p data-start=\"1606\" data-end=\"1842\">Enzymes are essential to life. They allow chemical reactions to occur rapidly under the mild temperatures and pH conditions found in living organisms. Without enzymes, most biochemical reactions would proceed too slowly to sustain life.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1844\" data-end=\"2133\">Each enzyme interacts with a particular substrate. When the substrate binds to the enzyme\u2019s active site, an enzyme\u2013substrate complex forms. The structural compatibility between the enzyme and substrate\u2014often compared to a lock fitting a key\u2014helps ensure that only specific reactions occur.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"2135\" data-end=\"2177\">Several factors influence enzyme activity:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"2179\" data-end=\"2478\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2179\" data-end=\"2253\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2181\" data-end=\"2253\">Temperature affects molecular movement and can alter enzyme structure.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2254\" data-end=\"2321\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2256\" data-end=\"2321\">pH changes the electrical charges and shape of the active site.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2322\" data-end=\"2401\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2324\" data-end=\"2401\">Enzyme concentration determines how many catalytic molecules are available.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2402\" data-end=\"2478\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2404\" data-end=\"2478\">Substrate identity controls whether the enzyme can carry out the reaction.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"2480\" data-end=\"2608\">In this lab, you will study these factors using the enzyme to investigate its activity under different environmental conditions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"2610\" data-end=\"2613\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h1 data-start=\"2615\" data-end=\"2644\"><strong data-start=\"2617\" data-end=\"2644\">Experimental Procedures<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<h2 data-start=\"2646\" data-end=\"2696\"><strong data-start=\"2649\" data-end=\"2696\">Experiment 1 \u2013 Enzyme\u2013Substrate Specificity<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"2698\" data-end=\"2713\"><strong data-start=\"2702\" data-end=\"2713\">Purpose<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"2715\" data-end=\"2819\">To determine whether the enzyme reacts differently when exposed to similar but non-identical substrates.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"2821\" data-end=\"2838\"><strong data-start=\"2825\" data-end=\"2838\">Materials<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul data-start=\"2840\" data-end=\"2983\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2840\" data-end=\"2860\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2842\" data-end=\"2860\">Yeast suspension<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2861\" data-end=\"2885\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2863\" data-end=\"2885\">10% glucose solution<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2886\" data-end=\"2912\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2888\" data-end=\"2912\">10% galactose solution<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2913\" data-end=\"2928\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2915\" data-end=\"2928\">Two J-tubes<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2929\" data-end=\"2953\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2931\" data-end=\"2953\">Color-coded pipettes<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2954\" data-end=\"2973\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2956\" data-end=\"2973\">37\u00b0C water bath<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2974\" data-end=\"2983\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2976\" data-end=\"2983\">Ruler<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"2985\" data-end=\"3002\"><strong data-start=\"2989\" data-end=\"3002\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ol data-start=\"3004\" data-end=\"3528\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3004\" data-end=\"3073\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3007\" data-end=\"3073\">Use a separate pipette for each solution to avoid contamination.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3074\" data-end=\"3136\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3077\" data-end=\"3136\">Add 15 mL of yeast suspension to each of the two J-tubes.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3137\" data-end=\"3219\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3140\" data-end=\"3219\">Add 15 mL of 10% glucose to one tube and 15 mL of 10% galactose to the other.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3220\" data-end=\"3361\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3223\" data-end=\"3305\">Tilt each J-tube backward to allow the solution to completely fill the side arm.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"3309\" data-end=\"3361\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3309\" data-end=\"3361\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3311\" data-end=\"3361\">If the side arm does not fill, repeat the setup.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3362\" data-end=\"3442\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3365\" data-end=\"3442\">Place both tubes in the 37\u00b0C water bath for 1 hour without disturbing them.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3443\" data-end=\"3528\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3446\" data-end=\"3528\">Measure the liquid displacement (mm) in the side arm, representing CO\u2082 production.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"3530\" data-end=\"3573\"><strong data-start=\"3534\" data-end=\"3573\">Data Table 1. Substrate Specificity<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3789\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3661\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3661\">\r\n<th data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3587\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Substrate<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"3587\" data-end=\"3614\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Liquid Displacement (mm)<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"3614\" data-end=\"3629\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Gas Produced<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"3629\" data-end=\"3661\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Observation \/ Interpretation<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"3752\" data-end=\"3789\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"3752\" data-end=\"3769\">\r\n<td data-start=\"3752\" data-end=\"3762\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Glucose<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3762\" data-end=\"3764\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3764\" data-end=\"3766\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3766\" data-end=\"3769\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"3770\" data-end=\"3789\">\r\n<td data-start=\"3770\" data-end=\"3782\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Galactose<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3782\" data-end=\"3784\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3784\" data-end=\"3786\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3786\" data-end=\"3789\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"3791\" data-end=\"3794\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"3796\" data-end=\"3851\"><strong data-start=\"3799\" data-end=\"3851\">Experiment 2 \u2013 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"3853\" data-end=\"4029\">This series of experiments examines how substrate identity, temperature, enzyme concentration, and pH influence the activity of the enzyme when reacting with hydrogen peroxide.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"4031\" data-end=\"4034\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"4036\" data-end=\"4096\"><strong data-start=\"4039\" data-end=\"4096\">Part A \u2013 Effect of Enzyme Presence and Substrate Type<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"4098\" data-end=\"4115\"><strong data-start=\"4102\" data-end=\"4115\">Materials<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul data-start=\"4117\" data-end=\"4233\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4117\" data-end=\"4138\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4119\" data-end=\"4138\">Hydrogen peroxide<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4139\" data-end=\"4158\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4141\" data-end=\"4158\">Enzyme solution<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4159\" data-end=\"4179\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4161\" data-end=\"4179\">Sucrose solution<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4180\" data-end=\"4189\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4182\" data-end=\"4189\">Water<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4190\" data-end=\"4204\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4192\" data-end=\"4204\">Test tubes<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4205\" data-end=\"4223\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4207\" data-end=\"4223\">Sharpie marker<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4224\" data-end=\"4233\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4226\" data-end=\"4233\">Ruler<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"4235\" data-end=\"4252\"><strong data-start=\"4239\" data-end=\"4252\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ol data-start=\"4254\" data-end=\"4346\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4254\" data-end=\"4324\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4257\" data-end=\"4324\">Label three test tubes and mark each at the 1 cm and 5 cm levels.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4325\" data-end=\"4346\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4328\" data-end=\"4346\">Prepare the tubes: Add enzyme to the first mark. Add hydrogen peroxide to the second mark.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"4348\" data-end=\"4588\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"4348\" data-end=\"4387\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"4348\" data-end=\"4387\">\r\n<th data-start=\"4348\" data-end=\"4355\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Tube<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"4355\" data-end=\"4366\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Contents<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"4366\" data-end=\"4387\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Expected Reaction<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"4431\" data-end=\"4588\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"4431\" data-end=\"4501\">\r\n<td data-start=\"4431\" data-end=\"4435\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4435\" data-end=\"4464\">Enzyme + Hydrogen Peroxide<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4464\" data-end=\"4501\">Strong bubbling (oxygen produced)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"4502\" data-end=\"4549\">\r\n<td data-start=\"4502\" data-end=\"4506\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4506\" data-end=\"4534\">Water + Hydrogen Peroxide<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4534\" data-end=\"4549\">No bubbling<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"4550\" data-end=\"4588\">\r\n<td data-start=\"4550\" data-end=\"4554\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4554\" data-end=\"4573\">Enzyme + Sucrose<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4573\" data-end=\"4588\">No bubbling<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ol start=\"3\" data-start=\"4590\" data-end=\"4657\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4590\" data-end=\"4608\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4593\" data-end=\"4608\">Swirl gently.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4609\" data-end=\"4657\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4612\" data-end=\"4657\">After 20 seconds, measure bubble height (mm).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"4659\" data-end=\"4708\"><strong data-start=\"4663\" data-end=\"4708\">Data Table 2. Evidence of Enzyme Activity<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"4710\" data-end=\"4929\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"4710\" data-end=\"4764\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"4710\" data-end=\"4764\">\r\n<th data-start=\"4710\" data-end=\"4717\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Tube<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"4717\" data-end=\"4728\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Contents<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"4728\" data-end=\"4749\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Bubble Height (mm)<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"4749\" data-end=\"4764\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Explanation<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"4824\" data-end=\"4929\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"4824\" data-end=\"4862\">\r\n<td data-start=\"4824\" data-end=\"4828\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4828\" data-end=\"4857\">Enzyme + Hydrogen Peroxide<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4857\" data-end=\"4859\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4859\" data-end=\"4862\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"4863\" data-end=\"4900\">\r\n<td data-start=\"4863\" data-end=\"4867\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4867\" data-end=\"4895\">Water + Hydrogen Peroxide<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4895\" data-end=\"4897\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4897\" data-end=\"4900\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"4901\" data-end=\"4929\">\r\n<td data-start=\"4901\" data-end=\"4905\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4905\" data-end=\"4924\">Enzyme + Sucrose<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4924\" data-end=\"4926\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4926\" data-end=\"4929\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"4931\" data-end=\"4934\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"4936\" data-end=\"4992\"><strong data-start=\"4939\" data-end=\"4992\">Part B \u2013 Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"4994\" data-end=\"5011\"><strong data-start=\"4998\" data-end=\"5011\">Materials<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul data-start=\"5013\" data-end=\"5162\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5013\" data-end=\"5033\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5015\" data-end=\"5033\">Three test tubes<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5034\" data-end=\"5052\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5036\" data-end=\"5052\">Ice bath (0\u00b0C)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5053\" data-end=\"5079\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5055\" data-end=\"5079\">Warm water bath (37\u00b0C)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5080\" data-end=\"5110\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5082\" data-end=\"5110\">Boiling water bath (100\u00b0C)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5111\" data-end=\"5130\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5113\" data-end=\"5130\">Enzyme solution<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5131\" data-end=\"5152\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5133\" data-end=\"5152\">Hydrogen peroxide<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5153\" data-end=\"5162\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5155\" data-end=\"5162\">Ruler<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"5164\" data-end=\"5181\"><strong data-start=\"5168\" data-end=\"5181\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ol data-start=\"5183\" data-end=\"5494\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5183\" data-end=\"5230\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5186\" data-end=\"5230\">Label and mark all tubes at 1 cm and 5 cm.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5231\" data-end=\"5264\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5234\" data-end=\"5264\">Add enzyme to the 1 cm mark.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5265\" data-end=\"5396\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5268\" data-end=\"5276\">Place:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"5280\" data-end=\"5396\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5280\" data-end=\"5303\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5282\" data-end=\"5303\">Tube 1 in ice (0\u00b0C)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5307\" data-end=\"5336\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5309\" data-end=\"5336\">Tube 2 in 37\u00b0C water bath<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5340\" data-end=\"5396\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5342\" data-end=\"5396\">Tube 3 in boiling water (100\u00b0C)<br data-start=\"5373\" data-end=\"5376\" \/>for 15 minutes.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5397\" data-end=\"5441\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5400\" data-end=\"5441\">Add hydrogen peroxide to the 5 cm mark.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5442\" data-end=\"5494\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5445\" data-end=\"5494\">Swirl and measure bubble height after 20 seconds.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"5496\" data-end=\"5549\"><strong data-start=\"5500\" data-end=\"5549\">Data Table 3. Temperature and Enzyme Activity<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"5551\" data-end=\"5765\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"5551\" data-end=\"5618\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"5551\" data-end=\"5618\">\r\n<th data-start=\"5551\" data-end=\"5558\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Tube<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5558\" data-end=\"5582\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Temperature Condition<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5582\" data-end=\"5603\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Bubble Height (mm)<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5603\" data-end=\"5618\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Explanation<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"5692\" data-end=\"5765\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"5692\" data-end=\"5713\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5692\" data-end=\"5696\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5696\" data-end=\"5708\">Ice (0\u00b0C)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5708\" data-end=\"5710\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5710\" data-end=\"5713\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"5714\" data-end=\"5737\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5714\" data-end=\"5718\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5718\" data-end=\"5732\">Warm (37\u00b0C)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5732\" data-end=\"5734\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5734\" data-end=\"5737\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"5738\" data-end=\"5765\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5738\" data-end=\"5742\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5742\" data-end=\"5760\">Boiling (100\u00b0C)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5760\" data-end=\"5762\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5762\" data-end=\"5765\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"5767\" data-end=\"5770\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"5772\" data-end=\"5818\"><strong data-start=\"5775\" data-end=\"5818\">Part C \u2013 Effect of Enzyme Concentration<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"5820\" data-end=\"5837\"><strong data-start=\"5824\" data-end=\"5837\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ol data-start=\"5839\" data-end=\"6108\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5839\" data-end=\"5860\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5842\" data-end=\"5860\">Label tubes 1\u20133.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5861\" data-end=\"5964\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5864\" data-end=\"5871\">Mark:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"5875\" data-end=\"5964\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5875\" data-end=\"5902\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5877\" data-end=\"5902\">Tube 1 at 1 cm and 5 cm<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5906\" data-end=\"5933\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5908\" data-end=\"5933\">Tube 2 at 2 cm and 6 cm<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5937\" data-end=\"5964\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5939\" data-end=\"5964\">Tube 3 at 3 cm and 7 cm<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5965\" data-end=\"5999\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5968\" data-end=\"5999\">Add enzyme to the first mark.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6000\" data-end=\"6046\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6003\" data-end=\"6046\">Add hydrogen peroxide to the second mark.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6047\" data-end=\"6065\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6050\" data-end=\"6065\">Swirl gently.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6066\" data-end=\"6108\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6069\" data-end=\"6108\">Measure bubble height after 20 seconds.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"6110\" data-end=\"6170\"><strong data-start=\"6114\" data-end=\"6170\">Data Table 4. Enzyme Concentration and Reaction Rate<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"6172\" data-end=\"6355\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"6172\" data-end=\"6239\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"6172\" data-end=\"6239\">\r\n<th data-start=\"6172\" data-end=\"6179\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Tube<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6179\" data-end=\"6203\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Amount of Enzyme (cm)<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6203\" data-end=\"6224\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Bubble Height (mm)<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6224\" data-end=\"6239\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Explanation<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"6314\" data-end=\"6355\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"6314\" data-end=\"6327\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6314\" data-end=\"6318\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6318\" data-end=\"6322\">1<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6322\" data-end=\"6324\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6324\" data-end=\"6327\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6328\" data-end=\"6341\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6328\" data-end=\"6332\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6332\" data-end=\"6336\">2<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6336\" data-end=\"6338\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6338\" data-end=\"6341\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6342\" data-end=\"6355\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6342\" data-end=\"6346\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6346\" data-end=\"6350\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6350\" data-end=\"6352\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6352\" data-end=\"6355\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"6357\" data-end=\"6360\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"6362\" data-end=\"6390\"><strong data-start=\"6365\" data-end=\"6390\">Part D \u2013 Effect of pH<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"6392\" data-end=\"6409\"><strong data-start=\"6396\" data-end=\"6409\">Materials<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul data-start=\"6411\" data-end=\"6503\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6411\" data-end=\"6436\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6413\" data-end=\"6436\">pH buffers (3, 7, 10)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6437\" data-end=\"6456\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6439\" data-end=\"6456\">Enzyme solution<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6457\" data-end=\"6478\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6459\" data-end=\"6478\">Hydrogen peroxide<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6479\" data-end=\"6493\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6481\" data-end=\"6493\">Test tubes<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6494\" data-end=\"6503\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6496\" data-end=\"6503\">Ruler<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"6505\" data-end=\"6522\"><strong data-start=\"6509\" data-end=\"6522\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ol data-start=\"6524\" data-end=\"6822\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6524\" data-end=\"6564\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6527\" data-end=\"6564\">Mark tubes at 1 cm, 3 cm, and 7 cm.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6565\" data-end=\"6598\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6568\" data-end=\"6598\">Add enzyme to the 1 cm mark.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6599\" data-end=\"6693\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6602\" data-end=\"6632\">Add buffer to the 3 cm mark:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"6636\" data-end=\"6693\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6636\" data-end=\"6652\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6638\" data-end=\"6652\">Tube 1: pH 3<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6656\" data-end=\"6672\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6658\" data-end=\"6672\">Tube 2: pH 7<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6676\" data-end=\"6693\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6678\" data-end=\"6693\">Tube 3: pH 10<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6694\" data-end=\"6738\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6697\" data-end=\"6738\">Add hydrogen peroxide to the 7 cm mark.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6739\" data-end=\"6822\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6742\" data-end=\"6822\">Allow to sit 1 minute, swirl gently, and measure bubble height after 20 seconds.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"6824\" data-end=\"6875\"><strong data-start=\"6828\" data-end=\"6875\">Data Table 5. pH Effects on Enzyme Activity<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"height: 96px;\" data-start=\"6877\" data-end=\"7021\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"6877\" data-end=\"6925\">\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"6877\" data-end=\"6925\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 41.25px;\" data-start=\"6877\" data-end=\"6884\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Tube<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 25.1354px;\" data-start=\"6884\" data-end=\"6889\" data-col-size=\"sm\">pH<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 169.062px;\" data-start=\"6889\" data-end=\"6910\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Bubble Height (mm)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 100.312px;\" data-start=\"6910\" data-end=\"6925\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Explanation<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"6979\" data-end=\"7021\">\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"6979\" data-end=\"6992\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 41.25px;\" data-start=\"6979\" data-end=\"6983\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 25.1354px;\" data-start=\"6983\" data-end=\"6987\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 169.062px;\" data-start=\"6987\" data-end=\"6989\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 100.312px;\" data-start=\"6989\" data-end=\"6992\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"6993\" data-end=\"7006\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 41.25px;\" data-start=\"6993\" data-end=\"6997\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 25.1354px;\" data-start=\"6997\" data-end=\"7001\" data-col-size=\"sm\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 169.062px;\" data-start=\"7001\" data-end=\"7003\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 100.312px;\" data-start=\"7003\" data-end=\"7006\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"7007\" data-end=\"7021\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 41.25px;\" data-start=\"7007\" data-end=\"7011\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 25.1354px;\" data-start=\"7011\" data-end=\"7016\" data-col-size=\"sm\">10<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 169.062px;\" data-start=\"7016\" data-end=\"7018\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 100.312px;\" data-start=\"7018\" data-end=\"7021\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"7023\" data-end=\"7026\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h1 data-start=\"7028\" data-end=\"7057\"><strong data-start=\"7030\" data-end=\"7057\">Analysis and Discussion<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<p data-start=\"7059\" data-end=\"7106\">Provide complete responses in the spaces below.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol data-start=\"7108\" data-end=\"9469\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7108\" data-end=\"7375\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7111\" data-end=\"7205\">Define the following terms: enzyme, substrate, product, active site, and enzyme specificity.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"7209\" data-end=\"7291\" \/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"7295\" data-end=\"7375\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7377\" data-end=\"7636\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7380\" data-end=\"7466\">Which substrate\u2014glucose or galactose\u2014supported fermentation? Explain your reasoning.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"7470\" data-end=\"7552\" \/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"7556\" data-end=\"7636\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7638\" data-end=\"7896\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7641\" data-end=\"7726\">In Experiment 2 (Part A), which tube produced the greatest amount of bubbling? Why?<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"7730\" data-end=\"7812\" \/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"7816\" data-end=\"7896\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7898\" data-end=\"8158\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7901\" data-end=\"7988\">Describe what happened to the enzyme\u2019s activity when the temperature reached boiling.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"7992\" data-end=\"8074\" \/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"8078\" data-end=\"8158\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8160\" data-end=\"8398\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8163\" data-end=\"8228\">How did changing enzyme concentration affect the reaction rate?<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"8232\" data-end=\"8314\" \/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"8318\" data-end=\"8398\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8400\" data-end=\"8644\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8403\" data-end=\"8474\">At which pH level did the enzyme show the greatest activity? Explain.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"8478\" data-end=\"8560\" \/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"8564\" data-end=\"8644\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8646\" data-end=\"8880\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8649\" data-end=\"8710\">Why are enzymes sensitive to changes in temperature and pH?<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"8714\" data-end=\"8796\" \/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"8800\" data-end=\"8880\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8882\" data-end=\"9020\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8885\" data-end=\"8936\">What gas was released during the enzyme reaction in experiment 2?<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"8940\" data-end=\"9020\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9022\" data-end=\"9243\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9025\" data-end=\"9073\">What happens when an enzyme becomes denatured?<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"9077\" data-end=\"9159\" \/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"9163\" data-end=\"9243\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9245\" data-end=\"9469\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9249\" data-end=\"9297\">Why are enzymes essential to living organisms?<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"9302\" data-end=\"9384\" \/>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"9389\" data-end=\"9469\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"9471\" data-end=\"9474\" \/>\r\n<p data-start=\"10052\" data-end=\"10066\"><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2><strong>Licenses and Attribution<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3><strong>CC Licensed Content, Original:<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\r\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\r\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">This educational material includes AI-generated content from ChatGPT by OpenAI. The original content created by Dr. Zeinab Motawe\u00a0from Hillsborough College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/deed.en\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\r\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">All images in this textbook generated with DALL-E are licensed under the terms provided by OpenAI, allowing for their free use, modification, and distribution with appropriate attribution.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>Other Licensed Content Included:<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Adapted with permission from BioScience I Laboratory Manual by Jamie Colson-Moon and Denise Bristol. Per request from these original authors, this content is now licensed (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA<\/a>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h1 data-start=\"460\" data-end=\"495\"><strong data-start=\"462\" data-end=\"495\">Laboratory 7: Enzyme Activity<\/strong><\/h1>\n<hr data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"500\" \/>\n<ol data-start=\"8020\" data-end=\"8711\">\n<li data-start=\"8020\" data-end=\"8116\">\n<h2 data-start=\"313\" data-end=\"339\"><strong data-start=\"316\" data-end=\"339\">Learning Objectives<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"341\" data-end=\"403\">By the end of this laboratory exercise, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"405\" data-end=\"887\">\n<li data-start=\"405\" data-end=\"480\">\n<p data-start=\"407\" data-end=\"480\">Describe what enzymes are and explain their role in biological systems.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"481\" data-end=\"537\">\n<p data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"537\">Distinguish among enzymes, substrates, and products.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"538\" data-end=\"606\">\n<p data-start=\"540\" data-end=\"606\">Explain how an enzyme\u2019s active site contributes to its function.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"607\" data-end=\"702\">\n<p data-start=\"609\" data-end=\"702\">Demonstrate enzyme specificity by comparing how an enzyme responds to different substrates.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"703\" data-end=\"791\">\n<p data-start=\"705\" data-end=\"791\">Investigate how temperature, pH, and enzyme concentration influence enzyme activity.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"887\">\n<p data-start=\"794\" data-end=\"887\">Interpret experimental outcomes using observable indicators such as gas or bubble production.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"889\" data-end=\"892\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"894\" data-end=\"910\"><strong data-start=\"897\" data-end=\"910\">Key Terms<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"1579\">\n<thead data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"933\">\n<tr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"933\">\n<th data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"919\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Term<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"919\" data-end=\"933\" data-col-size=\"lg\">Definition<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"956\" data-end=\"1579\">\n<tr data-start=\"956\" data-end=\"1080\">\n<td data-start=\"956\" data-end=\"965\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Enzyme<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"965\" data-end=\"1080\">A biological catalyst\u2014typically a protein\u2014that increases the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1135\">\n<td data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1093\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Substrate<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"1093\" data-end=\"1135\" data-col-size=\"lg\">The molecule that an enzyme acts upon.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1136\" data-end=\"1211\">\n<td data-start=\"1136\" data-end=\"1146\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Product<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"1146\" data-end=\"1211\">The substance(s) produced after an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1212\" data-end=\"1298\">\n<td data-start=\"1212\" data-end=\"1226\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Active Site<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"1226\" data-end=\"1298\">The region of an enzyme where substrate binding and catalysis occur.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1299\" data-end=\"1443\">\n<td data-start=\"1299\" data-end=\"1320\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Enzyme Specificity<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"1320\" data-end=\"1443\">The characteristic of enzymes that allows them to catalyze only certain reactions or interact with specific substrates.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1444\" data-end=\"1579\">\n<td data-start=\"1444\" data-end=\"1462\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Catalase Reaction<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"1462\" data-end=\"1579\">The breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"1581\" data-end=\"1584\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"1586\" data-end=\"1604\"><strong data-start=\"1588\" data-end=\"1604\">Introduction<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"1606\" data-end=\"1842\">Enzymes are essential to life. They allow chemical reactions to occur rapidly under the mild temperatures and pH conditions found in living organisms. Without enzymes, most biochemical reactions would proceed too slowly to sustain life.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1844\" data-end=\"2133\">Each enzyme interacts with a particular substrate. When the substrate binds to the enzyme\u2019s active site, an enzyme\u2013substrate complex forms. The structural compatibility between the enzyme and substrate\u2014often compared to a lock fitting a key\u2014helps ensure that only specific reactions occur.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2135\" data-end=\"2177\">Several factors influence enzyme activity:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2179\" data-end=\"2478\">\n<li data-start=\"2179\" data-end=\"2253\">\n<p data-start=\"2181\" data-end=\"2253\">Temperature affects molecular movement and can alter enzyme structure.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2254\" data-end=\"2321\">\n<p data-start=\"2256\" data-end=\"2321\">pH changes the electrical charges and shape of the active site.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2322\" data-end=\"2401\">\n<p data-start=\"2324\" data-end=\"2401\">Enzyme concentration determines how many catalytic molecules are available.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2402\" data-end=\"2478\">\n<p data-start=\"2404\" data-end=\"2478\">Substrate identity controls whether the enzyme can carry out the reaction.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2480\" data-end=\"2608\">In this lab, you will study these factors using the enzyme to investigate its activity under different environmental conditions.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2610\" data-end=\"2613\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"2615\" data-end=\"2644\"><strong data-start=\"2617\" data-end=\"2644\">Experimental Procedures<\/strong><\/h1>\n<h2 data-start=\"2646\" data-end=\"2696\"><strong data-start=\"2649\" data-end=\"2696\">Experiment 1 \u2013 Enzyme\u2013Substrate Specificity<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"2698\" data-end=\"2713\"><strong data-start=\"2702\" data-end=\"2713\">Purpose<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2715\" data-end=\"2819\">To determine whether the enzyme reacts differently when exposed to similar but non-identical substrates.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2821\" data-end=\"2838\"><strong data-start=\"2825\" data-end=\"2838\">Materials<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2840\" data-end=\"2983\">\n<li data-start=\"2840\" data-end=\"2860\">\n<p data-start=\"2842\" data-end=\"2860\">Yeast suspension<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2861\" data-end=\"2885\">\n<p data-start=\"2863\" data-end=\"2885\">10% glucose solution<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2886\" data-end=\"2912\">\n<p data-start=\"2888\" data-end=\"2912\">10% galactose solution<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2913\" data-end=\"2928\">\n<p data-start=\"2915\" data-end=\"2928\">Two J-tubes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2929\" data-end=\"2953\">\n<p data-start=\"2931\" data-end=\"2953\">Color-coded pipettes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2954\" data-end=\"2973\">\n<p data-start=\"2956\" data-end=\"2973\">37\u00b0C water bath<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2974\" data-end=\"2983\">\n<p data-start=\"2976\" data-end=\"2983\">Ruler<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"2985\" data-end=\"3002\"><strong data-start=\"2989\" data-end=\"3002\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"3004\" data-end=\"3528\">\n<li data-start=\"3004\" data-end=\"3073\">\n<p data-start=\"3007\" data-end=\"3073\">Use a separate pipette for each solution to avoid contamination.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3074\" data-end=\"3136\">\n<p data-start=\"3077\" data-end=\"3136\">Add 15 mL of yeast suspension to each of the two J-tubes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3137\" data-end=\"3219\">\n<p data-start=\"3140\" data-end=\"3219\">Add 15 mL of 10% glucose to one tube and 15 mL of 10% galactose to the other.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3220\" data-end=\"3361\">\n<p data-start=\"3223\" data-end=\"3305\">Tilt each J-tube backward to allow the solution to completely fill the side arm.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3309\" data-end=\"3361\">\n<li data-start=\"3309\" data-end=\"3361\">\n<p data-start=\"3311\" data-end=\"3361\">If the side arm does not fill, repeat the setup.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3362\" data-end=\"3442\">\n<p data-start=\"3365\" data-end=\"3442\">Place both tubes in the 37\u00b0C water bath for 1 hour without disturbing them.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3443\" data-end=\"3528\">\n<p data-start=\"3446\" data-end=\"3528\">Measure the liquid displacement (mm) in the side arm, representing CO\u2082 production.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 data-start=\"3530\" data-end=\"3573\"><strong data-start=\"3534\" data-end=\"3573\">Data Table 1. Substrate Specificity<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3789\">\n<thead data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3661\">\n<tr data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3661\">\n<th data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3587\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Substrate<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3587\" data-end=\"3614\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Liquid Displacement (mm)<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3614\" data-end=\"3629\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Gas Produced<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3629\" data-end=\"3661\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Observation \/ Interpretation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"3752\" data-end=\"3789\">\n<tr data-start=\"3752\" data-end=\"3769\">\n<td data-start=\"3752\" data-end=\"3762\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Glucose<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3762\" data-end=\"3764\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3764\" data-end=\"3766\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3766\" data-end=\"3769\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3770\" data-end=\"3789\">\n<td data-start=\"3770\" data-end=\"3782\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Galactose<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3782\" data-end=\"3784\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3784\" data-end=\"3786\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3786\" data-end=\"3789\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"3791\" data-end=\"3794\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"3796\" data-end=\"3851\"><strong data-start=\"3799\" data-end=\"3851\">Experiment 2 \u2013 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3853\" data-end=\"4029\">This series of experiments examines how substrate identity, temperature, enzyme concentration, and pH influence the activity of the enzyme when reacting with hydrogen peroxide.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4031\" data-end=\"4034\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"4036\" data-end=\"4096\"><strong data-start=\"4039\" data-end=\"4096\">Part A \u2013 Effect of Enzyme Presence and Substrate Type<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"4098\" data-end=\"4115\"><strong data-start=\"4102\" data-end=\"4115\">Materials<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"4117\" data-end=\"4233\">\n<li data-start=\"4117\" data-end=\"4138\">\n<p data-start=\"4119\" data-end=\"4138\">Hydrogen peroxide<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4139\" data-end=\"4158\">\n<p data-start=\"4141\" data-end=\"4158\">Enzyme solution<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4159\" data-end=\"4179\">\n<p data-start=\"4161\" data-end=\"4179\">Sucrose solution<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4180\" data-end=\"4189\">\n<p data-start=\"4182\" data-end=\"4189\">Water<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4190\" data-end=\"4204\">\n<p data-start=\"4192\" data-end=\"4204\">Test tubes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4205\" data-end=\"4223\">\n<p data-start=\"4207\" data-end=\"4223\">Sharpie marker<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4224\" data-end=\"4233\">\n<p data-start=\"4226\" data-end=\"4233\">Ruler<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"4235\" data-end=\"4252\"><strong data-start=\"4239\" data-end=\"4252\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"4254\" data-end=\"4346\">\n<li data-start=\"4254\" data-end=\"4324\">\n<p data-start=\"4257\" data-end=\"4324\">Label three test tubes and mark each at the 1 cm and 5 cm levels.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4325\" data-end=\"4346\">\n<p data-start=\"4328\" data-end=\"4346\">Prepare the tubes: Add enzyme to the first mark. Add hydrogen peroxide to the second mark.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"4348\" data-end=\"4588\">\n<thead data-start=\"4348\" data-end=\"4387\">\n<tr data-start=\"4348\" data-end=\"4387\">\n<th data-start=\"4348\" data-end=\"4355\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Tube<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4355\" data-end=\"4366\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Contents<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4366\" data-end=\"4387\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Expected Reaction<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"4431\" data-end=\"4588\">\n<tr data-start=\"4431\" data-end=\"4501\">\n<td data-start=\"4431\" data-end=\"4435\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4435\" data-end=\"4464\">Enzyme + Hydrogen Peroxide<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4464\" data-end=\"4501\">Strong bubbling (oxygen produced)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4502\" data-end=\"4549\">\n<td data-start=\"4502\" data-end=\"4506\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4506\" data-end=\"4534\">Water + Hydrogen Peroxide<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4534\" data-end=\"4549\">No bubbling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4550\" data-end=\"4588\">\n<td data-start=\"4550\" data-end=\"4554\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4554\" data-end=\"4573\">Enzyme + Sucrose<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4573\" data-end=\"4588\">No bubbling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ol start=\"3\" data-start=\"4590\" data-end=\"4657\">\n<li data-start=\"4590\" data-end=\"4608\">\n<p data-start=\"4593\" data-end=\"4608\">Swirl gently.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4609\" data-end=\"4657\">\n<p data-start=\"4612\" data-end=\"4657\">After 20 seconds, measure bubble height (mm).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 data-start=\"4659\" data-end=\"4708\"><strong data-start=\"4663\" data-end=\"4708\">Data Table 2. Evidence of Enzyme Activity<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"4710\" data-end=\"4929\">\n<thead data-start=\"4710\" data-end=\"4764\">\n<tr data-start=\"4710\" data-end=\"4764\">\n<th data-start=\"4710\" data-end=\"4717\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Tube<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4717\" data-end=\"4728\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Contents<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4728\" data-end=\"4749\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Bubble Height (mm)<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"4749\" data-end=\"4764\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Explanation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"4824\" data-end=\"4929\">\n<tr data-start=\"4824\" data-end=\"4862\">\n<td data-start=\"4824\" data-end=\"4828\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4828\" data-end=\"4857\">Enzyme + Hydrogen Peroxide<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4857\" data-end=\"4859\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4859\" data-end=\"4862\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4863\" data-end=\"4900\">\n<td data-start=\"4863\" data-end=\"4867\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4867\" data-end=\"4895\">Water + Hydrogen Peroxide<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4895\" data-end=\"4897\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4897\" data-end=\"4900\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4901\" data-end=\"4929\">\n<td data-start=\"4901\" data-end=\"4905\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4905\" data-end=\"4924\">Enzyme + Sucrose<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4924\" data-end=\"4926\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4926\" data-end=\"4929\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"4931\" data-end=\"4934\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"4936\" data-end=\"4992\"><strong data-start=\"4939\" data-end=\"4992\">Part B \u2013 Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"4994\" data-end=\"5011\"><strong data-start=\"4998\" data-end=\"5011\">Materials<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"5013\" data-end=\"5162\">\n<li data-start=\"5013\" data-end=\"5033\">\n<p data-start=\"5015\" data-end=\"5033\">Three test tubes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5034\" data-end=\"5052\">\n<p data-start=\"5036\" data-end=\"5052\">Ice bath (0\u00b0C)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5053\" data-end=\"5079\">\n<p data-start=\"5055\" data-end=\"5079\">Warm water bath (37\u00b0C)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5080\" data-end=\"5110\">\n<p data-start=\"5082\" data-end=\"5110\">Boiling water bath (100\u00b0C)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5111\" data-end=\"5130\">\n<p data-start=\"5113\" data-end=\"5130\">Enzyme solution<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5131\" data-end=\"5152\">\n<p data-start=\"5133\" data-end=\"5152\">Hydrogen peroxide<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5153\" data-end=\"5162\">\n<p data-start=\"5155\" data-end=\"5162\">Ruler<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"5164\" data-end=\"5181\"><strong data-start=\"5168\" data-end=\"5181\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"5183\" data-end=\"5494\">\n<li data-start=\"5183\" data-end=\"5230\">\n<p data-start=\"5186\" data-end=\"5230\">Label and mark all tubes at 1 cm and 5 cm.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5231\" data-end=\"5264\">\n<p data-start=\"5234\" data-end=\"5264\">Add enzyme to the 1 cm mark.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5265\" data-end=\"5396\">\n<p data-start=\"5268\" data-end=\"5276\">Place:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5280\" data-end=\"5396\">\n<li data-start=\"5280\" data-end=\"5303\">\n<p data-start=\"5282\" data-end=\"5303\">Tube 1 in ice (0\u00b0C)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5307\" data-end=\"5336\">\n<p data-start=\"5309\" data-end=\"5336\">Tube 2 in 37\u00b0C water bath<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5340\" data-end=\"5396\">\n<p data-start=\"5342\" data-end=\"5396\">Tube 3 in boiling water (100\u00b0C)<br data-start=\"5373\" data-end=\"5376\" \/>for 15 minutes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5397\" data-end=\"5441\">\n<p data-start=\"5400\" data-end=\"5441\">Add hydrogen peroxide to the 5 cm mark.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5442\" data-end=\"5494\">\n<p data-start=\"5445\" data-end=\"5494\">Swirl and measure bubble height after 20 seconds.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 data-start=\"5496\" data-end=\"5549\"><strong data-start=\"5500\" data-end=\"5549\">Data Table 3. Temperature and Enzyme Activity<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"5551\" data-end=\"5765\">\n<thead data-start=\"5551\" data-end=\"5618\">\n<tr data-start=\"5551\" data-end=\"5618\">\n<th data-start=\"5551\" data-end=\"5558\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Tube<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5558\" data-end=\"5582\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Temperature Condition<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5582\" data-end=\"5603\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Bubble Height (mm)<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5603\" data-end=\"5618\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Explanation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"5692\" data-end=\"5765\">\n<tr data-start=\"5692\" data-end=\"5713\">\n<td data-start=\"5692\" data-end=\"5696\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5696\" data-end=\"5708\">Ice (0\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5708\" data-end=\"5710\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5710\" data-end=\"5713\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5714\" data-end=\"5737\">\n<td data-start=\"5714\" data-end=\"5718\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5718\" data-end=\"5732\">Warm (37\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5732\" data-end=\"5734\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5734\" data-end=\"5737\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5738\" data-end=\"5765\">\n<td data-start=\"5738\" data-end=\"5742\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5742\" data-end=\"5760\">Boiling (100\u00b0C)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5760\" data-end=\"5762\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5762\" data-end=\"5765\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"5767\" data-end=\"5770\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"5772\" data-end=\"5818\"><strong data-start=\"5775\" data-end=\"5818\">Part C \u2013 Effect of Enzyme Concentration<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"5820\" data-end=\"5837\"><strong data-start=\"5824\" data-end=\"5837\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"5839\" data-end=\"6108\">\n<li data-start=\"5839\" data-end=\"5860\">\n<p data-start=\"5842\" data-end=\"5860\">Label tubes 1\u20133.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5861\" data-end=\"5964\">\n<p data-start=\"5864\" data-end=\"5871\">Mark:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5875\" data-end=\"5964\">\n<li data-start=\"5875\" data-end=\"5902\">\n<p data-start=\"5877\" data-end=\"5902\">Tube 1 at 1 cm and 5 cm<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5906\" data-end=\"5933\">\n<p data-start=\"5908\" data-end=\"5933\">Tube 2 at 2 cm and 6 cm<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5937\" data-end=\"5964\">\n<p data-start=\"5939\" data-end=\"5964\">Tube 3 at 3 cm and 7 cm<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5965\" data-end=\"5999\">\n<p data-start=\"5968\" data-end=\"5999\">Add enzyme to the first mark.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6000\" data-end=\"6046\">\n<p data-start=\"6003\" data-end=\"6046\">Add hydrogen peroxide to the second mark.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6047\" data-end=\"6065\">\n<p data-start=\"6050\" data-end=\"6065\">Swirl gently.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6066\" data-end=\"6108\">\n<p data-start=\"6069\" data-end=\"6108\">Measure bubble height after 20 seconds.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 data-start=\"6110\" data-end=\"6170\"><strong data-start=\"6114\" data-end=\"6170\">Data Table 4. Enzyme Concentration and Reaction Rate<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"6172\" data-end=\"6355\">\n<thead data-start=\"6172\" data-end=\"6239\">\n<tr data-start=\"6172\" data-end=\"6239\">\n<th data-start=\"6172\" data-end=\"6179\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Tube<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6179\" data-end=\"6203\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Amount of Enzyme (cm)<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6203\" data-end=\"6224\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Bubble Height (mm)<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6224\" data-end=\"6239\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Explanation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"6314\" data-end=\"6355\">\n<tr data-start=\"6314\" data-end=\"6327\">\n<td data-start=\"6314\" data-end=\"6318\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6318\" data-end=\"6322\">1<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6322\" data-end=\"6324\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6324\" data-end=\"6327\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6328\" data-end=\"6341\">\n<td data-start=\"6328\" data-end=\"6332\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6332\" data-end=\"6336\">2<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6336\" data-end=\"6338\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6338\" data-end=\"6341\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6342\" data-end=\"6355\">\n<td data-start=\"6342\" data-end=\"6346\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6346\" data-end=\"6350\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6350\" data-end=\"6352\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6352\" data-end=\"6355\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"6357\" data-end=\"6360\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6362\" data-end=\"6390\"><strong data-start=\"6365\" data-end=\"6390\">Part D \u2013 Effect of pH<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"6392\" data-end=\"6409\"><strong data-start=\"6396\" data-end=\"6409\">Materials<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"6411\" data-end=\"6503\">\n<li data-start=\"6411\" data-end=\"6436\">\n<p data-start=\"6413\" data-end=\"6436\">pH buffers (3, 7, 10)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6437\" data-end=\"6456\">\n<p data-start=\"6439\" data-end=\"6456\">Enzyme solution<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6457\" data-end=\"6478\">\n<p data-start=\"6459\" data-end=\"6478\">Hydrogen peroxide<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6479\" data-end=\"6493\">\n<p data-start=\"6481\" data-end=\"6493\">Test tubes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6494\" data-end=\"6503\">\n<p data-start=\"6496\" data-end=\"6503\">Ruler<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"6505\" data-end=\"6522\"><strong data-start=\"6509\" data-end=\"6522\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"6524\" data-end=\"6822\">\n<li data-start=\"6524\" data-end=\"6564\">\n<p data-start=\"6527\" data-end=\"6564\">Mark tubes at 1 cm, 3 cm, and 7 cm.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6565\" data-end=\"6598\">\n<p data-start=\"6568\" data-end=\"6598\">Add enzyme to the 1 cm mark.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6599\" data-end=\"6693\">\n<p data-start=\"6602\" data-end=\"6632\">Add buffer to the 3 cm mark:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6636\" data-end=\"6693\">\n<li data-start=\"6636\" data-end=\"6652\">\n<p data-start=\"6638\" data-end=\"6652\">Tube 1: pH 3<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6656\" data-end=\"6672\">\n<p data-start=\"6658\" data-end=\"6672\">Tube 2: pH 7<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6676\" data-end=\"6693\">\n<p data-start=\"6678\" data-end=\"6693\">Tube 3: pH 10<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6694\" data-end=\"6738\">\n<p data-start=\"6697\" data-end=\"6738\">Add hydrogen peroxide to the 7 cm mark.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6739\" data-end=\"6822\">\n<p data-start=\"6742\" data-end=\"6822\">Allow to sit 1 minute, swirl gently, and measure bubble height after 20 seconds.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 data-start=\"6824\" data-end=\"6875\"><strong data-start=\"6828\" data-end=\"6875\">Data Table 5. pH Effects on Enzyme Activity<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"height: 96px;\" data-start=\"6877\" data-end=\"7021\">\n<thead data-start=\"6877\" data-end=\"6925\">\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"6877\" data-end=\"6925\">\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 41.25px;\" data-start=\"6877\" data-end=\"6884\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Tube<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 25.1354px;\" data-start=\"6884\" data-end=\"6889\" data-col-size=\"sm\">pH<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 169.062px;\" data-start=\"6889\" data-end=\"6910\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Bubble Height (mm)<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 100.312px;\" data-start=\"6910\" data-end=\"6925\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Explanation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"6979\" data-end=\"7021\">\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"6979\" data-end=\"6992\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 41.25px;\" data-start=\"6979\" data-end=\"6983\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 25.1354px;\" data-start=\"6983\" data-end=\"6987\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 169.062px;\" data-start=\"6987\" data-end=\"6989\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 100.312px;\" data-start=\"6989\" data-end=\"6992\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"6993\" data-end=\"7006\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 41.25px;\" data-start=\"6993\" data-end=\"6997\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 25.1354px;\" data-start=\"6997\" data-end=\"7001\" data-col-size=\"sm\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 169.062px;\" data-start=\"7001\" data-end=\"7003\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 100.312px;\" data-start=\"7003\" data-end=\"7006\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\" data-start=\"7007\" data-end=\"7021\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 41.25px;\" data-start=\"7007\" data-end=\"7011\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 25.1354px;\" data-start=\"7011\" data-end=\"7016\" data-col-size=\"sm\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 169.062px;\" data-start=\"7016\" data-end=\"7018\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 100.312px;\" data-start=\"7018\" data-end=\"7021\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"7023\" data-end=\"7026\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"7028\" data-end=\"7057\"><strong data-start=\"7030\" data-end=\"7057\">Analysis and Discussion<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"7059\" data-end=\"7106\">Provide complete responses in the spaces below.<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"7108\" data-end=\"9469\">\n<li data-start=\"7108\" data-end=\"7375\">\n<p data-start=\"7111\" data-end=\"7205\">Define the following terms: enzyme, substrate, product, active site, and enzyme specificity.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7209\" data-end=\"7291\" \/>\n<hr data-start=\"7295\" data-end=\"7375\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7377\" data-end=\"7636\">\n<p data-start=\"7380\" data-end=\"7466\">Which substrate\u2014glucose or galactose\u2014supported fermentation? Explain your reasoning.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7470\" data-end=\"7552\" \/>\n<hr data-start=\"7556\" data-end=\"7636\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7638\" data-end=\"7896\">\n<p data-start=\"7641\" data-end=\"7726\">In Experiment 2 (Part A), which tube produced the greatest amount of bubbling? Why?<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7730\" data-end=\"7812\" \/>\n<hr data-start=\"7816\" data-end=\"7896\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7898\" data-end=\"8158\">\n<p data-start=\"7901\" data-end=\"7988\">Describe what happened to the enzyme\u2019s activity when the temperature reached boiling.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7992\" data-end=\"8074\" \/>\n<hr data-start=\"8078\" data-end=\"8158\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8160\" data-end=\"8398\">\n<p data-start=\"8163\" data-end=\"8228\">How did changing enzyme concentration affect the reaction rate?<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"8232\" data-end=\"8314\" \/>\n<hr data-start=\"8318\" data-end=\"8398\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8400\" data-end=\"8644\">\n<p data-start=\"8403\" data-end=\"8474\">At which pH level did the enzyme show the greatest activity? Explain.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"8478\" data-end=\"8560\" \/>\n<hr data-start=\"8564\" data-end=\"8644\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8646\" data-end=\"8880\">\n<p data-start=\"8649\" data-end=\"8710\">Why are enzymes sensitive to changes in temperature and pH?<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"8714\" data-end=\"8796\" \/>\n<hr data-start=\"8800\" data-end=\"8880\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8882\" data-end=\"9020\">\n<p data-start=\"8885\" data-end=\"8936\">What gas was released during the enzyme reaction in experiment 2?<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"8940\" data-end=\"9020\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9022\" data-end=\"9243\">\n<p data-start=\"9025\" data-end=\"9073\">What happens when an enzyme becomes denatured?<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"9077\" data-end=\"9159\" \/>\n<hr data-start=\"9163\" data-end=\"9243\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9245\" data-end=\"9469\">\n<p data-start=\"9249\" data-end=\"9297\">Why are enzymes essential to living organisms?<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"9302\" data-end=\"9384\" \/>\n<hr data-start=\"9389\" data-end=\"9469\" \/>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"9471\" data-end=\"9474\" \/>\n<p data-start=\"10052\" data-end=\"10066\">\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><strong>Licenses and Attribution<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong>CC Licensed Content, Original:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">This educational material includes AI-generated content from ChatGPT by OpenAI. The original content created by Dr. Zeinab Motawe\u00a0from Hillsborough College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/deed.en\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">All images in this textbook generated with DALL-E are licensed under the terms provided by OpenAI, allowing for their free use, modification, and distribution with appropriate attribution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Other Licensed Content Included:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Adapted with permission from BioScience I Laboratory Manual by Jamie Colson-Moon and Denise Bristol. Per request from these original authors, this content is now licensed (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":130,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-252","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/252","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/130"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/252\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":334,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/252\/revisions\/334"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/252\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=252"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=252"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=252"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=252"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}