{"id":258,"date":"2025-11-05T20:11:55","date_gmt":"2025-11-05T20:11:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=258"},"modified":"2026-09-17T17:56:38","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T17:56:38","slug":"lab-9-photosynthesis","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/chapter\/lab-9-photosynthesis\/","title":{"raw":"Lab 9: Photosynthesis","rendered":"Lab 9: Photosynthesis"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 data-start=\"326\" data-end=\"360\"><strong data-start=\"328\" data-end=\"360\">Laboratory 9: Photosynthesis<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"362\" data-end=\"365\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"367\" data-end=\"384\"><strong data-start=\"370\" data-end=\"384\">Objectives<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"386\" data-end=\"435\">After completing this lab, you should be able to:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"641\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"499\">\r\n<p data-start=\"439\" data-end=\"499\">Identify the <strong data-start=\"452\" data-end=\"478\">reactants and products<\/strong> of photosynthesis.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"500\" data-end=\"566\">\r\n<p data-start=\"502\" data-end=\"566\">Explain the importance of <strong data-start=\"528\" data-end=\"545\">photopigments<\/strong> in photosynthesis.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"567\" data-end=\"641\">\r\n<p data-start=\"569\" data-end=\"641\">Apply and interpret results from <strong data-start=\"602\" data-end=\"626\">paper chromatography<\/strong> experiments.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"643\" data-end=\"646\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"648\" data-end=\"664\"><strong data-start=\"651\" data-end=\"664\">Key Terms<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"1629\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"695\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"695\">\r\n<th data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"677\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"668\" data-end=\"676\">Term<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"677\" data-end=\"695\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"679\" data-end=\"693\">Definition<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"727\" data-end=\"1629\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"727\" data-end=\"824\">\r\n<td data-start=\"727\" data-end=\"752\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"729\" data-end=\"751\">Accessory Pigments<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"752\" data-end=\"824\">Compounds that broaden the light absorption range of photosynthesis.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"825\" data-end=\"901\">\r\n<td data-start=\"825\" data-end=\"841\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"827\" data-end=\"840\">Carotenes<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"841\" data-end=\"901\">Orange or red pigments that absorb blue and green light.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"902\" data-end=\"968\">\r\n<td data-start=\"902\" data-end=\"920\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"919\">Chlorophyll<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"920\" data-end=\"968\">Main photosynthetic pigment (appears green).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"969\" data-end=\"1052\">\r\n<td data-start=\"969\" data-end=\"990\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"971\" data-end=\"989\">Chromatography<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1052\">A technique used to separate substances based on polarity.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1053\" data-end=\"1136\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1053\" data-end=\"1073\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1055\" data-end=\"1072\">Heterotrophic<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1073\" data-end=\"1136\">Organisms that obtain nourishment from other living things.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1200\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1153\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1139\" data-end=\"1152\">Non-polar<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1153\" data-end=\"1200\">Molecules with an even charge distribution.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1201\" data-end=\"1282\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1201\" data-end=\"1223\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1203\" data-end=\"1222\">Photoautotrophs<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1223\" data-end=\"1282\">Organisms that use light energy to make their own food.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1356\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1303\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1302\">Photopigments<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1303\" data-end=\"1356\">Light-absorbing molecules used in photosynthesis.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1357\" data-end=\"1451\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1357\" data-end=\"1378\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1359\" data-end=\"1377\">Photosynthesis<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1378\" data-end=\"1451\">Process of converting CO\u2082 and H\u2082O into glucose and O\u2082 using sunlight.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1452\" data-end=\"1540\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1452\" data-end=\"1464\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1454\" data-end=\"1463\">Polar<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1464\" data-end=\"1540\">Molecules with unequal charge distribution (positive and negative ends).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1541\" data-end=\"1629\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1541\" data-end=\"1560\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1543\" data-end=\"1559\">Xanthophylls<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1560\" data-end=\"1629\">Yellow pigments that absorb blue light and assist photosynthesis.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"1631\" data-end=\"1634\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"1636\" data-end=\"1655\"><strong data-start=\"1639\" data-end=\"1655\">Introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"1657\" data-end=\"1706\">Life on Earth can be divided into two categories:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"1708\" data-end=\"1825\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1708\" data-end=\"1764\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1710\" data-end=\"1764\"><strong data-start=\"1710\" data-end=\"1724\">Autotrophs<\/strong> \u2013 organisms that make their own food.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1765\" data-end=\"1825\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1767\" data-end=\"1825\"><strong data-start=\"1767\" data-end=\"1783\">Heterotrophs<\/strong> \u2013 organisms that consume others for food.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"1827\" data-end=\"2027\"><strong data-start=\"1827\" data-end=\"1846\">Photoautotrophs<\/strong>\u2014such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria\u2014use <strong data-start=\"1892\" data-end=\"1908\">light energy<\/strong> to convert <strong data-start=\"1920\" data-end=\"1938\">carbon dioxide<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"1943\" data-end=\"1952\">water<\/strong> into glucose through <strong data-start=\"1974\" data-end=\"1992\">photosynthesis<\/strong>, storing energy in chemical bonds.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"2029\" data-end=\"2072\"><strong data-start=\"2033\" data-end=\"2072\">Overall Equation for Photosynthesis<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<math display=\"block\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mtext>Light\u00a0Energy<\/mtext><mo>+<\/mo><mn>6<\/mn><mi>C<\/mi><msub><mi>O<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><mn>6<\/mn><msub><mi>H<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mi>O<\/mi><mo>\u2192<\/mo><msub><mi>C<\/mi><mn>6<\/mn><\/msub><msub><mi>H<\/mi><mn>12<\/mn><\/msub><msub><mi>O<\/mi><mn>6<\/mn><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><mn>6<\/mn><msub><mi>O<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\text{Light Energy} + 6CO\u2082 + 6H\u2082O \u2192 C\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2086 + 6O\u2082<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Light\u00a0Energy<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">6<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">C<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">O<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">6<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">H<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">O<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2192<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">C<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">6<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">H<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">12<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">O<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">6<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">6<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">O<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<p data-start=\"2131\" data-end=\"2206\">The products, <strong data-start=\"2145\" data-end=\"2156\">glucose<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"2161\" data-end=\"2171\">oxygen<\/strong>, sustain nearly all life on Earth.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"2208\" data-end=\"2211\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"2213\" data-end=\"2255\"><strong data-start=\"2217\" data-end=\"2255\">Photopigments and Light Absorption<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"2257\" data-end=\"2464\">Photosynthesis occurs in <strong data-start=\"2282\" data-end=\"2298\">chloroplasts<\/strong>, which contain <strong data-start=\"2314\" data-end=\"2331\">photopigments<\/strong> capable of capturing light energy.<br data-start=\"2366\" data-end=\"2369\" \/>The primary pigment is <strong data-start=\"2392\" data-end=\"2409\">chlorophyll a<\/strong> (blue-green), aided by <strong data-start=\"2433\" data-end=\"2455\">accessory pigments<\/strong> such as:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"2466\" data-end=\"2672\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2466\" data-end=\"2541\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2468\" data-end=\"2541\"><strong data-start=\"2468\" data-end=\"2485\">Chlorophyll b<\/strong> \u2013 yellow-green pigment that expands absorption range.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2542\" data-end=\"2611\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2544\" data-end=\"2611\"><strong data-start=\"2544\" data-end=\"2557\">Carotenes<\/strong> \u2013 orange-red pigments (like \u03b2-carotene in carrots).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2612\" data-end=\"2672\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2614\" data-end=\"2672\"><strong data-start=\"2614\" data-end=\"2630\">Xanthophylls<\/strong> \u2013 yellow pigments that absorb blue light.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"2674\" data-end=\"2756\">These pigments enable plants to utilize a broader portion of the visible spectrum.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"2758\" data-end=\"2761\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"2763\" data-end=\"2793\"><strong data-start=\"2767\" data-end=\"2793\">Visible Light Spectrum<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"2795\" data-end=\"3081\">Visible light consists of multiple colors, each representing a specific <strong data-start=\"2867\" data-end=\"2881\">wavelength<\/strong>.<br data-start=\"2893\" data-end=\"2896\" \/>When light strikes an object, it can be <strong data-start=\"2936\" data-end=\"2948\">absorbed<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"2950\" data-end=\"2963\">reflected<\/strong>, or <strong data-start=\"2968\" data-end=\"2983\">transmitted<\/strong>.<br data-start=\"2984\" data-end=\"2987\" \/>An object\u2019s color corresponds to the wavelength that is <strong data-start=\"3043\" data-end=\"3056\">reflected<\/strong>\u2014the others are absorbed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote data-start=\"3083\" data-end=\"3188\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3085\" data-end=\"3188\"><strong data-start=\"3085\" data-end=\"3097\">Example:<\/strong> A red surface appears red because red wavelengths are reflected while others are absorbed.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"3399\" data-end=\"3402\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"3404\" data-end=\"3432\"><strong data-start=\"3408\" data-end=\"3432\">Paper Chromatography<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"3434\" data-end=\"3664\"><strong data-start=\"3434\" data-end=\"3452\">Chromatography<\/strong> is a laboratory method used to separate components of a mixture.<br data-start=\"3517\" data-end=\"3520\" \/>In this lab, we use a <strong data-start=\"3542\" data-end=\"3557\">polar paper<\/strong> (stationary phase) and a <strong data-start=\"3583\" data-end=\"3604\">non-polar solvent<\/strong> (mobile phase) to separate the pigments in spinach extract.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"3666\" data-end=\"3802\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3666\" data-end=\"3740\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3668\" data-end=\"3740\"><strong data-start=\"3668\" data-end=\"3686\">Polar pigments<\/strong> adhere more strongly to the paper and remain lower.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3741\" data-end=\"3802\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3743\" data-end=\"3802\"><strong data-start=\"3743\" data-end=\"3765\">Non-polar pigments<\/strong> move farther with the solvent front.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"3804\" data-end=\"3863\"><strong data-start=\"3804\" data-end=\"3836\">Rf (Retention factor) values<\/strong> indicate pigment mobility:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<math display=\"block\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>R<\/mi><mi>f<\/mi><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mfrac><mtext>Distance\u00a0pigment\u00a0traveled<\/mtext><mtext>Distance\u00a0solvent\u00a0traveled<\/mtext><\/mfrac><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">R_f = \\frac{\\text{Distance pigment traveled}}{\\text{Distance solvent traveled}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">R<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">f<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"mord text\">Distance solvent traveled\/<\/span><span class=\"mord text\">Distance\u00a0pigment\u00a0traveled<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"3952\" data-end=\"3955\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"3957\" data-end=\"3973\"><strong data-start=\"3960\" data-end=\"3973\">Materials<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul data-start=\"3975\" data-end=\"4251\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3975\" data-end=\"3993\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3977\" data-end=\"3993\">Spinach leaves<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3994\" data-end=\"4015\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3996\" data-end=\"4015\">Mortar and pestle<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4016\" data-end=\"4027\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4018\" data-end=\"4027\">Acetone<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4028\" data-end=\"4069\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4030\" data-end=\"4069\">Petroleum ether\/acetone solvent (9:1)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4070\" data-end=\"4100\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4072\" data-end=\"4100\">Chromatography jar and lid<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4101\" data-end=\"4137\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4103\" data-end=\"4137\">Chromatography paper (15 \u00d7 5 cm)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4138\" data-end=\"4158\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4140\" data-end=\"4158\">Pencil and ruler<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4159\" data-end=\"4173\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4161\" data-end=\"4173\">Paintbrush<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4174\" data-end=\"4186\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4176\" data-end=\"4186\">Scissors<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4187\" data-end=\"4209\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4189\" data-end=\"4209\">Graduated cylinder<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4210\" data-end=\"4251\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4212\" data-end=\"4251\">Spectrophotometer and pigment samples<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"4253\" data-end=\"4256\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"4258\" data-end=\"4274\"><strong data-start=\"4261\" data-end=\"4274\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"4276\" data-end=\"4279\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"4281\" data-end=\"4357\"><strong data-start=\"4285\" data-end=\"4357\">Experiment \u2013 Separation of Spinach Pigments via Paper Chromatography<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ol data-start=\"4359\" data-end=\"5485\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4359\" data-end=\"4415\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4415\">Prepare <strong data-start=\"4370\" data-end=\"4402\">three chromatography samples<\/strong> per group.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4416\" data-end=\"4492\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4419\" data-end=\"4492\">Cut chromatography paper to <strong data-start=\"4447\" data-end=\"4463\">15 cm \u00d7 5 cm<\/strong>. Handle only by the edges.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4493\" data-end=\"4556\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4496\" data-end=\"4556\">Draw a <strong data-start=\"4503\" data-end=\"4523\">pencil line 2 cm<\/strong> from the bottom (origin line).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4557\" data-end=\"4636\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4560\" data-end=\"4636\">Grind <strong data-start=\"4566\" data-end=\"4588\">5\u20136 spinach leaves<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"4594\" data-end=\"4610\">5 mL acetone<\/strong> in a mortar and pestle.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4637\" data-end=\"4771\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4640\" data-end=\"4722\">Using a paintbrush, apply <strong data-start=\"4666\" data-end=\"4686\">10\u201315 thin lines<\/strong> of pigment along the origin line.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"4726\" data-end=\"4771\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4726\" data-end=\"4771\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4728\" data-end=\"4771\">Allow the paper to dry for 10\u201315 minutes.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4772\" data-end=\"4949\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4775\" data-end=\"4886\">Place the paper (pigment side down) into the chromatography jar with <strong data-start=\"4844\" data-end=\"4883\">9:1 petroleum ether\/acetone solvent<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"4890\" data-end=\"4949\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4890\" data-end=\"4949\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4892\" data-end=\"4949\">Ensure the solvent level is <strong data-start=\"4920\" data-end=\"4929\">below<\/strong> the pigment line.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4950\" data-end=\"5023\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4953\" data-end=\"5023\">Cover the jar and allow it to sit <strong data-start=\"4987\" data-end=\"5020\">undisturbed for 15\u201330 minutes<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5024\" data-end=\"5118\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5027\" data-end=\"5118\">When pigment bands separate, remove the paper and <strong data-start=\"5077\" data-end=\"5103\">mark the solvent front<\/strong> immediately.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5119\" data-end=\"5177\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5122\" data-end=\"5177\">Label each pigment band (see <em data-start=\"5151\" data-end=\"5161\">Figure 2<\/em> placeholder).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5178\" data-end=\"5266\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5182\" data-end=\"5266\">View your chromatogram under <strong data-start=\"5211\" data-end=\"5223\">UV light<\/strong> \u2014 some pigments will fluoresce <strong data-start=\"5255\" data-end=\"5263\">pink<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5267\" data-end=\"5337\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5271\" data-end=\"5337\">Measure distances (origin \u2192 pigment and origin \u2192 solvent front).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5338\" data-end=\"5416\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5342\" data-end=\"5416\">Calculate <strong data-start=\"5352\" data-end=\"5365\">Rf values<\/strong> for each pigment and record them in <strong data-start=\"5402\" data-end=\"5413\">Table 1<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5417\" data-end=\"5485\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5421\" data-end=\"5485\">Safely dispose of used solvent in the fume hood waste container.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"5487\" data-end=\"5490\" \/>\r\n<p data-start=\"5550\" data-end=\"5745\"><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"5747\" data-end=\"5750\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"5752\" data-end=\"5763\"><strong data-start=\"5755\" data-end=\"5763\">Data<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"5765\" data-end=\"5824\"><strong data-start=\"5769\" data-end=\"5824\">Table 1. Rf Value Analysis of Spinach Photopigments<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"5826\" data-end=\"6280\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"5826\" data-end=\"5936\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"5826\" data-end=\"5936\">\r\n<th data-start=\"5826\" data-end=\"5840\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5828\" data-end=\"5839\">Pigment<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5840\" data-end=\"5852\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5842\" data-end=\"5851\">Color<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5852\" data-end=\"5879\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5854\" data-end=\"5878\">Established Rf Value<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5879\" data-end=\"5909\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5881\" data-end=\"5908\">Migration Distance (cm)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5909\" data-end=\"5936\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5911\" data-end=\"5934\">Calculated Rf Value<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"6053\" data-end=\"6280\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"6053\" data-end=\"6085\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6053\" data-end=\"6068\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Solvent Line<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6068\" data-end=\"6072\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u2014<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6072\" data-end=\"6076\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u2014<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6076\" data-end=\"6080\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u2014<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6080\" data-end=\"6085\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u2014<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6086\" data-end=\"6123\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6086\" data-end=\"6102\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Beta Carotene<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6102\" data-end=\"6111\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Orange<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6111\" data-end=\"6118\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.95<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6118\" data-end=\"6120\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6120\" data-end=\"6123\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6124\" data-end=\"6157\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6124\" data-end=\"6138\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Phaeophytin<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6138\" data-end=\"6145\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Gray<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6145\" data-end=\"6152\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.83<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6152\" data-end=\"6154\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6154\" data-end=\"6157\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6158\" data-end=\"6194\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6158\" data-end=\"6173\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Xanthophylls<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6173\" data-end=\"6182\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yellow<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6182\" data-end=\"6189\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.62<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6189\" data-end=\"6191\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6191\" data-end=\"6194\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6195\" data-end=\"6236\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6195\" data-end=\"6211\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Chlorophyll a<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6211\" data-end=\"6224\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Blue-green<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6224\" data-end=\"6231\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.34<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6231\" data-end=\"6233\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6233\" data-end=\"6236\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6237\" data-end=\"6280\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6237\" data-end=\"6253\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Chlorophyll b<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6253\" data-end=\"6268\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yellow-green<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6268\" data-end=\"6275\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.23<\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6275\" data-end=\"6277\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"6277\" data-end=\"6280\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"6282\" data-end=\"6285\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"6287\" data-end=\"6310\"><strong data-start=\"6290\" data-end=\"6310\">Review Questions<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ol data-start=\"6312\" data-end=\"6803\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6312\" data-end=\"6367\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6315\" data-end=\"6367\">Write the <strong data-start=\"6325\" data-end=\"6364\">overall equation for photosynthesis<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6368\" data-end=\"6460\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6371\" data-end=\"6460\">Compare and contrast the equations for <strong data-start=\"6410\" data-end=\"6428\">photosynthesis<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"6433\" data-end=\"6457\">cellular respiration<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6461\" data-end=\"6597\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6464\" data-end=\"6518\">What is the <strong data-start=\"6476\" data-end=\"6497\">main photopigment<\/strong> of photosynthesis?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"6522\" data-end=\"6597\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6522\" data-end=\"6597\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6524\" data-end=\"6597\">How do <strong data-start=\"6531\" data-end=\"6553\">accessory pigments<\/strong> enhance the efficiency of photosynthesis?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6598\" data-end=\"6646\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6601\" data-end=\"6646\">Why do <strong data-start=\"6608\" data-end=\"6643\">leaves change color in the fall<\/strong>?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6647\" data-end=\"6803\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6650\" data-end=\"6712\">How do your <strong data-start=\"6662\" data-end=\"6675\">Rf values<\/strong> compare with the established ones?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"6716\" data-end=\"6803\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6716\" data-end=\"6803\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6718\" data-end=\"6803\">Which pigment is <strong data-start=\"6735\" data-end=\"6749\">most polar<\/strong> and which is <strong data-start=\"6763\" data-end=\"6778\">least polar<\/strong>? Explain your reasoning.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"6805\" data-end=\"6808\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"6810\" data-end=\"6831\"><strong data-start=\"6813\" data-end=\"6831\">Exercise Sheet<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"6833\" data-end=\"6860\"><strong data-start=\"6837\" data-end=\"6860\">Experiment Analysis<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<h4 data-start=\"6862\" data-end=\"6893\"><strong data-start=\"6867\" data-end=\"6893\">1. Chromatogram Figure<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<p data-start=\"6894\" data-end=\"6934\">Prepare a figure of your chromatogram.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"6935\" data-end=\"7010\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6935\" data-end=\"7010\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6937\" data-end=\"7010\">Label: solvent front, all pigments (by name), and any visible UV bands.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 data-start=\"7012\" data-end=\"7037\"><strong data-start=\"7017\" data-end=\"7037\">2. Rf Comparison<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<p data-start=\"7038\" data-end=\"7108\">Create a table comparing <strong data-start=\"7063\" data-end=\"7075\">observed<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"7080\" data-end=\"7095\">established<\/strong> Rf values.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"7109\" data-end=\"7222\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7109\" data-end=\"7170\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7111\" data-end=\"7170\">Identify the <strong data-start=\"7124\" data-end=\"7138\">most polar<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"7143\" data-end=\"7158\">least polar<\/strong> pigments.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7171\" data-end=\"7222\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7173\" data-end=\"7222\">Explain how your data supports this conclusion.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Licenses and Attribution<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3><strong>CC Licensed Content, Original:<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\r\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\r\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">This educational material includes AI-generated content from ChatGPT by OpenAI. The original content created by Dr. Zeinab Motawe\u00a0from Hillsborough College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/deed.en\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\r\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">All images in this textbook generated with DALL-E are licensed under the terms provided by OpenAI, allowing for their free use, modification, and distribution with appropriate attribution.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>Other Licensed Content Included:<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Adapted with permission from BioScience I Laboratory Manual by Jamie Colson-Moon and Denise Bristol. Per request from these original authors, this content is now licensed (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA<\/a>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h1 data-start=\"326\" data-end=\"360\"><strong data-start=\"328\" data-end=\"360\">Laboratory 9: Photosynthesis<\/strong><\/h1>\n<hr data-start=\"362\" data-end=\"365\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"367\" data-end=\"384\"><strong data-start=\"370\" data-end=\"384\">Objectives<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"386\" data-end=\"435\">After completing this lab, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"641\">\n<li data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"499\">\n<p data-start=\"439\" data-end=\"499\">Identify the <strong data-start=\"452\" data-end=\"478\">reactants and products<\/strong> of photosynthesis.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"500\" data-end=\"566\">\n<p data-start=\"502\" data-end=\"566\">Explain the importance of <strong data-start=\"528\" data-end=\"545\">photopigments<\/strong> in photosynthesis.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"567\" data-end=\"641\">\n<p data-start=\"569\" data-end=\"641\">Apply and interpret results from <strong data-start=\"602\" data-end=\"626\">paper chromatography<\/strong> experiments.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"643\" data-end=\"646\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"648\" data-end=\"664\"><strong data-start=\"651\" data-end=\"664\">Key Terms<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"1629\">\n<thead data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"695\">\n<tr data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"695\">\n<th data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"677\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"668\" data-end=\"676\">Term<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"677\" data-end=\"695\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"679\" data-end=\"693\">Definition<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"727\" data-end=\"1629\">\n<tr data-start=\"727\" data-end=\"824\">\n<td data-start=\"727\" data-end=\"752\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"729\" data-end=\"751\">Accessory Pigments<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"752\" data-end=\"824\">Compounds that broaden the light absorption range of photosynthesis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"825\" data-end=\"901\">\n<td data-start=\"825\" data-end=\"841\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"827\" data-end=\"840\">Carotenes<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"841\" data-end=\"901\">Orange or red pigments that absorb blue and green light.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"902\" data-end=\"968\">\n<td data-start=\"902\" data-end=\"920\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"919\">Chlorophyll<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"920\" data-end=\"968\">Main photosynthetic pigment (appears green).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"969\" data-end=\"1052\">\n<td data-start=\"969\" data-end=\"990\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"971\" data-end=\"989\">Chromatography<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1052\">A technique used to separate substances based on polarity.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1053\" data-end=\"1136\">\n<td data-start=\"1053\" data-end=\"1073\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1055\" data-end=\"1072\">Heterotrophic<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1073\" data-end=\"1136\">Organisms that obtain nourishment from other living things.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1200\">\n<td data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1153\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1139\" data-end=\"1152\">Non-polar<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1153\" data-end=\"1200\">Molecules with an even charge distribution.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1201\" data-end=\"1282\">\n<td data-start=\"1201\" data-end=\"1223\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1203\" data-end=\"1222\">Photoautotrophs<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1223\" data-end=\"1282\">Organisms that use light energy to make their own food.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1356\">\n<td data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1303\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1302\">Photopigments<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1303\" data-end=\"1356\">Light-absorbing molecules used in photosynthesis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1357\" data-end=\"1451\">\n<td data-start=\"1357\" data-end=\"1378\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1359\" data-end=\"1377\">Photosynthesis<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1378\" data-end=\"1451\">Process of converting CO\u2082 and H\u2082O into glucose and O\u2082 using sunlight.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1452\" data-end=\"1540\">\n<td data-start=\"1452\" data-end=\"1464\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1454\" data-end=\"1463\">Polar<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1464\" data-end=\"1540\">Molecules with unequal charge distribution (positive and negative ends).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1541\" data-end=\"1629\">\n<td data-start=\"1541\" data-end=\"1560\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1543\" data-end=\"1559\">Xanthophylls<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1560\" data-end=\"1629\">Yellow pigments that absorb blue light and assist photosynthesis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"1631\" data-end=\"1634\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"1636\" data-end=\"1655\"><strong data-start=\"1639\" data-end=\"1655\">Introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1657\" data-end=\"1706\">Life on Earth can be divided into two categories:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1708\" data-end=\"1825\">\n<li data-start=\"1708\" data-end=\"1764\">\n<p data-start=\"1710\" data-end=\"1764\"><strong data-start=\"1710\" data-end=\"1724\">Autotrophs<\/strong> \u2013 organisms that make their own food.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1765\" data-end=\"1825\">\n<p data-start=\"1767\" data-end=\"1825\"><strong data-start=\"1767\" data-end=\"1783\">Heterotrophs<\/strong> \u2013 organisms that consume others for food.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1827\" data-end=\"2027\"><strong data-start=\"1827\" data-end=\"1846\">Photoautotrophs<\/strong>\u2014such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria\u2014use <strong data-start=\"1892\" data-end=\"1908\">light energy<\/strong> to convert <strong data-start=\"1920\" data-end=\"1938\">carbon dioxide<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"1943\" data-end=\"1952\">water<\/strong> into glucose through <strong data-start=\"1974\" data-end=\"1992\">photosynthesis<\/strong>, storing energy in chemical bonds.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2029\" data-end=\"2072\"><strong data-start=\"2033\" data-end=\"2072\">Overall Equation for Photosynthesis<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><math display=\"block\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mtext>Light\u00a0Energy<\/mtext><mo>+<\/mo><mn>6<\/mn><mi>C<\/mi><msub><mi>O<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><mn>6<\/mn><msub><mi>H<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mi>O<\/mi><mo>\u2192<\/mo><msub><mi>C<\/mi><mn>6<\/mn><\/msub><msub><mi>H<\/mi><mn>12<\/mn><\/msub><msub><mi>O<\/mi><mn>6<\/mn><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><mn>6<\/mn><msub><mi>O<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\text{Light Energy} + 6CO\u2082 + 6H\u2082O \u2192 C\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2086 + 6O\u2082<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Light\u00a0Energy<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">6<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">C<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">O<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">6<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">H<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">O<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2192<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">C<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">6<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">H<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">12<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">O<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">6<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">6<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">O<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2131\" data-end=\"2206\">The products, <strong data-start=\"2145\" data-end=\"2156\">glucose<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"2161\" data-end=\"2171\">oxygen<\/strong>, sustain nearly all life on Earth.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2208\" data-end=\"2211\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2213\" data-end=\"2255\"><strong data-start=\"2217\" data-end=\"2255\">Photopigments and Light Absorption<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2257\" data-end=\"2464\">Photosynthesis occurs in <strong data-start=\"2282\" data-end=\"2298\">chloroplasts<\/strong>, which contain <strong data-start=\"2314\" data-end=\"2331\">photopigments<\/strong> capable of capturing light energy.<br data-start=\"2366\" data-end=\"2369\" \/>The primary pigment is <strong data-start=\"2392\" data-end=\"2409\">chlorophyll a<\/strong> (blue-green), aided by <strong data-start=\"2433\" data-end=\"2455\">accessory pigments<\/strong> such as:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2466\" data-end=\"2672\">\n<li data-start=\"2466\" data-end=\"2541\">\n<p data-start=\"2468\" data-end=\"2541\"><strong data-start=\"2468\" data-end=\"2485\">Chlorophyll b<\/strong> \u2013 yellow-green pigment that expands absorption range.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2542\" data-end=\"2611\">\n<p data-start=\"2544\" data-end=\"2611\"><strong data-start=\"2544\" data-end=\"2557\">Carotenes<\/strong> \u2013 orange-red pigments (like \u03b2-carotene in carrots).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2612\" data-end=\"2672\">\n<p data-start=\"2614\" data-end=\"2672\"><strong data-start=\"2614\" data-end=\"2630\">Xanthophylls<\/strong> \u2013 yellow pigments that absorb blue light.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2674\" data-end=\"2756\">These pigments enable plants to utilize a broader portion of the visible spectrum.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2758\" data-end=\"2761\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2763\" data-end=\"2793\"><strong data-start=\"2767\" data-end=\"2793\">Visible Light Spectrum<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2795\" data-end=\"3081\">Visible light consists of multiple colors, each representing a specific <strong data-start=\"2867\" data-end=\"2881\">wavelength<\/strong>.<br data-start=\"2893\" data-end=\"2896\" \/>When light strikes an object, it can be <strong data-start=\"2936\" data-end=\"2948\">absorbed<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"2950\" data-end=\"2963\">reflected<\/strong>, or <strong data-start=\"2968\" data-end=\"2983\">transmitted<\/strong>.<br data-start=\"2984\" data-end=\"2987\" \/>An object\u2019s color corresponds to the wavelength that is <strong data-start=\"3043\" data-end=\"3056\">reflected<\/strong>\u2014the others are absorbed.<\/p>\n<blockquote data-start=\"3083\" data-end=\"3188\">\n<p data-start=\"3085\" data-end=\"3188\"><strong data-start=\"3085\" data-end=\"3097\">Example:<\/strong> A red surface appears red because red wavelengths are reflected while others are absorbed.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<hr data-start=\"3399\" data-end=\"3402\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"3404\" data-end=\"3432\"><strong data-start=\"3408\" data-end=\"3432\">Paper Chromatography<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3434\" data-end=\"3664\"><strong data-start=\"3434\" data-end=\"3452\">Chromatography<\/strong> is a laboratory method used to separate components of a mixture.<br data-start=\"3517\" data-end=\"3520\" \/>In this lab, we use a <strong data-start=\"3542\" data-end=\"3557\">polar paper<\/strong> (stationary phase) and a <strong data-start=\"3583\" data-end=\"3604\">non-polar solvent<\/strong> (mobile phase) to separate the pigments in spinach extract.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3666\" data-end=\"3802\">\n<li data-start=\"3666\" data-end=\"3740\">\n<p data-start=\"3668\" data-end=\"3740\"><strong data-start=\"3668\" data-end=\"3686\">Polar pigments<\/strong> adhere more strongly to the paper and remain lower.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3741\" data-end=\"3802\">\n<p data-start=\"3743\" data-end=\"3802\"><strong data-start=\"3743\" data-end=\"3765\">Non-polar pigments<\/strong> move farther with the solvent front.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3804\" data-end=\"3863\"><strong data-start=\"3804\" data-end=\"3836\">Rf (Retention factor) values<\/strong> indicate pigment mobility:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><math display=\"block\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>R<\/mi><mi>f<\/mi><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mfrac><mtext>Distance\u00a0pigment\u00a0traveled<\/mtext><mtext>Distance\u00a0solvent\u00a0traveled<\/mtext><\/mfrac><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">R_f = \\frac{\\text{Distance pigment traveled}}{\\text{Distance solvent traveled}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">R<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">f<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"mord text\">Distance solvent traveled\/<\/span><span class=\"mord text\">Distance\u00a0pigment\u00a0traveled<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3952\" data-end=\"3955\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"3957\" data-end=\"3973\"><strong data-start=\"3960\" data-end=\"3973\">Materials<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"3975\" data-end=\"4251\">\n<li data-start=\"3975\" data-end=\"3993\">\n<p data-start=\"3977\" data-end=\"3993\">Spinach leaves<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3994\" data-end=\"4015\">\n<p data-start=\"3996\" data-end=\"4015\">Mortar and pestle<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4016\" data-end=\"4027\">\n<p data-start=\"4018\" data-end=\"4027\">Acetone<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4028\" data-end=\"4069\">\n<p data-start=\"4030\" data-end=\"4069\">Petroleum ether\/acetone solvent (9:1)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4070\" data-end=\"4100\">\n<p data-start=\"4072\" data-end=\"4100\">Chromatography jar and lid<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4101\" data-end=\"4137\">\n<p data-start=\"4103\" data-end=\"4137\">Chromatography paper (15 \u00d7 5 cm)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4138\" data-end=\"4158\">\n<p data-start=\"4140\" data-end=\"4158\">Pencil and ruler<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4159\" data-end=\"4173\">\n<p data-start=\"4161\" data-end=\"4173\">Paintbrush<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4174\" data-end=\"4186\">\n<p data-start=\"4176\" data-end=\"4186\">Scissors<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4187\" data-end=\"4209\">\n<p data-start=\"4189\" data-end=\"4209\">Graduated cylinder<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4210\" data-end=\"4251\">\n<p data-start=\"4212\" data-end=\"4251\">Spectrophotometer and pigment samples<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"4253\" data-end=\"4256\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"4258\" data-end=\"4274\"><strong data-start=\"4261\" data-end=\"4274\">Procedure<\/strong><\/h2>\n<hr data-start=\"4276\" data-end=\"4279\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"4281\" data-end=\"4357\"><strong data-start=\"4285\" data-end=\"4357\">Experiment \u2013 Separation of Spinach Pigments via Paper Chromatography<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"4359\" data-end=\"5485\">\n<li data-start=\"4359\" data-end=\"4415\">\n<p data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4415\">Prepare <strong data-start=\"4370\" data-end=\"4402\">three chromatography samples<\/strong> per group.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4416\" data-end=\"4492\">\n<p data-start=\"4419\" data-end=\"4492\">Cut chromatography paper to <strong data-start=\"4447\" data-end=\"4463\">15 cm \u00d7 5 cm<\/strong>. Handle only by the edges.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4493\" data-end=\"4556\">\n<p data-start=\"4496\" data-end=\"4556\">Draw a <strong data-start=\"4503\" data-end=\"4523\">pencil line 2 cm<\/strong> from the bottom (origin line).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4557\" data-end=\"4636\">\n<p data-start=\"4560\" data-end=\"4636\">Grind <strong data-start=\"4566\" data-end=\"4588\">5\u20136 spinach leaves<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"4594\" data-end=\"4610\">5 mL acetone<\/strong> in a mortar and pestle.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4637\" data-end=\"4771\">\n<p data-start=\"4640\" data-end=\"4722\">Using a paintbrush, apply <strong data-start=\"4666\" data-end=\"4686\">10\u201315 thin lines<\/strong> of pigment along the origin line.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4726\" data-end=\"4771\">\n<li data-start=\"4726\" data-end=\"4771\">\n<p data-start=\"4728\" data-end=\"4771\">Allow the paper to dry for 10\u201315 minutes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4772\" data-end=\"4949\">\n<p data-start=\"4775\" data-end=\"4886\">Place the paper (pigment side down) into the chromatography jar with <strong data-start=\"4844\" data-end=\"4883\">9:1 petroleum ether\/acetone solvent<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4890\" data-end=\"4949\">\n<li data-start=\"4890\" data-end=\"4949\">\n<p data-start=\"4892\" data-end=\"4949\">Ensure the solvent level is <strong data-start=\"4920\" data-end=\"4929\">below<\/strong> the pigment line.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4950\" data-end=\"5023\">\n<p data-start=\"4953\" data-end=\"5023\">Cover the jar and allow it to sit <strong data-start=\"4987\" data-end=\"5020\">undisturbed for 15\u201330 minutes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5024\" data-end=\"5118\">\n<p data-start=\"5027\" data-end=\"5118\">When pigment bands separate, remove the paper and <strong data-start=\"5077\" data-end=\"5103\">mark the solvent front<\/strong> immediately.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5119\" data-end=\"5177\">\n<p data-start=\"5122\" data-end=\"5177\">Label each pigment band (see <em data-start=\"5151\" data-end=\"5161\">Figure 2<\/em> placeholder).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5178\" data-end=\"5266\">\n<p data-start=\"5182\" data-end=\"5266\">View your chromatogram under <strong data-start=\"5211\" data-end=\"5223\">UV light<\/strong> \u2014 some pigments will fluoresce <strong data-start=\"5255\" data-end=\"5263\">pink<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5267\" data-end=\"5337\">\n<p data-start=\"5271\" data-end=\"5337\">Measure distances (origin \u2192 pigment and origin \u2192 solvent front).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5338\" data-end=\"5416\">\n<p data-start=\"5342\" data-end=\"5416\">Calculate <strong data-start=\"5352\" data-end=\"5365\">Rf values<\/strong> for each pigment and record them in <strong data-start=\"5402\" data-end=\"5413\">Table 1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5417\" data-end=\"5485\">\n<p data-start=\"5421\" data-end=\"5485\">Safely dispose of used solvent in the fume hood waste container.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"5487\" data-end=\"5490\" \/>\n<p data-start=\"5550\" data-end=\"5745\">\n<hr data-start=\"5747\" data-end=\"5750\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"5752\" data-end=\"5763\"><strong data-start=\"5755\" data-end=\"5763\">Data<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"5765\" data-end=\"5824\"><strong data-start=\"5769\" data-end=\"5824\">Table 1. Rf Value Analysis of Spinach Photopigments<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"5826\" data-end=\"6280\">\n<thead data-start=\"5826\" data-end=\"5936\">\n<tr data-start=\"5826\" data-end=\"5936\">\n<th data-start=\"5826\" data-end=\"5840\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5828\" data-end=\"5839\">Pigment<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5840\" data-end=\"5852\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5842\" data-end=\"5851\">Color<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5852\" data-end=\"5879\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5854\" data-end=\"5878\">Established Rf Value<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5879\" data-end=\"5909\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5881\" data-end=\"5908\">Migration Distance (cm)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5909\" data-end=\"5936\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5911\" data-end=\"5934\">Calculated Rf Value<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"6053\" data-end=\"6280\">\n<tr data-start=\"6053\" data-end=\"6085\">\n<td data-start=\"6053\" data-end=\"6068\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Solvent Line<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6068\" data-end=\"6072\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6072\" data-end=\"6076\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6076\" data-end=\"6080\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6080\" data-end=\"6085\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6086\" data-end=\"6123\">\n<td data-start=\"6086\" data-end=\"6102\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Beta Carotene<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6102\" data-end=\"6111\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Orange<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6111\" data-end=\"6118\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.95<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6118\" data-end=\"6120\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6120\" data-end=\"6123\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6124\" data-end=\"6157\">\n<td data-start=\"6124\" data-end=\"6138\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Phaeophytin<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6138\" data-end=\"6145\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Gray<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6145\" data-end=\"6152\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.83<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6152\" data-end=\"6154\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6154\" data-end=\"6157\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6158\" data-end=\"6194\">\n<td data-start=\"6158\" data-end=\"6173\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Xanthophylls<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6173\" data-end=\"6182\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yellow<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6182\" data-end=\"6189\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.62<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6189\" data-end=\"6191\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6191\" data-end=\"6194\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6195\" data-end=\"6236\">\n<td data-start=\"6195\" data-end=\"6211\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Chlorophyll a<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6211\" data-end=\"6224\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Blue-green<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6224\" data-end=\"6231\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.34<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6231\" data-end=\"6233\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6233\" data-end=\"6236\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6237\" data-end=\"6280\">\n<td data-start=\"6237\" data-end=\"6253\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Chlorophyll b<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6253\" data-end=\"6268\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yellow-green<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6268\" data-end=\"6275\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.23<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6275\" data-end=\"6277\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"6277\" data-end=\"6280\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"6282\" data-end=\"6285\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6287\" data-end=\"6310\"><strong data-start=\"6290\" data-end=\"6310\">Review Questions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol data-start=\"6312\" data-end=\"6803\">\n<li data-start=\"6312\" data-end=\"6367\">\n<p data-start=\"6315\" data-end=\"6367\">Write the <strong data-start=\"6325\" data-end=\"6364\">overall equation for photosynthesis<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6368\" data-end=\"6460\">\n<p data-start=\"6371\" data-end=\"6460\">Compare and contrast the equations for <strong data-start=\"6410\" data-end=\"6428\">photosynthesis<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"6433\" data-end=\"6457\">cellular respiration<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6461\" data-end=\"6597\">\n<p data-start=\"6464\" data-end=\"6518\">What is the <strong data-start=\"6476\" data-end=\"6497\">main photopigment<\/strong> of photosynthesis?<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6522\" data-end=\"6597\">\n<li data-start=\"6522\" data-end=\"6597\">\n<p data-start=\"6524\" data-end=\"6597\">How do <strong data-start=\"6531\" data-end=\"6553\">accessory pigments<\/strong> enhance the efficiency of photosynthesis?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6598\" data-end=\"6646\">\n<p data-start=\"6601\" data-end=\"6646\">Why do <strong data-start=\"6608\" data-end=\"6643\">leaves change color in the fall<\/strong>?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6647\" data-end=\"6803\">\n<p data-start=\"6650\" data-end=\"6712\">How do your <strong data-start=\"6662\" data-end=\"6675\">Rf values<\/strong> compare with the established ones?<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6716\" data-end=\"6803\">\n<li data-start=\"6716\" data-end=\"6803\">\n<p data-start=\"6718\" data-end=\"6803\">Which pigment is <strong data-start=\"6735\" data-end=\"6749\">most polar<\/strong> and which is <strong data-start=\"6763\" data-end=\"6778\">least polar<\/strong>? Explain your reasoning.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"6805\" data-end=\"6808\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6810\" data-end=\"6831\"><strong data-start=\"6813\" data-end=\"6831\">Exercise Sheet<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"6833\" data-end=\"6860\"><strong data-start=\"6837\" data-end=\"6860\">Experiment Analysis<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h4 data-start=\"6862\" data-end=\"6893\"><strong data-start=\"6867\" data-end=\"6893\">1. Chromatogram Figure<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"6894\" data-end=\"6934\">Prepare a figure of your chromatogram.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6935\" data-end=\"7010\">\n<li data-start=\"6935\" data-end=\"7010\">\n<p data-start=\"6937\" data-end=\"7010\">Label: solvent front, all pigments (by name), and any visible UV bands.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"7012\" data-end=\"7037\"><strong data-start=\"7017\" data-end=\"7037\">2. Rf Comparison<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"7038\" data-end=\"7108\">Create a table comparing <strong data-start=\"7063\" data-end=\"7075\">observed<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"7080\" data-end=\"7095\">established<\/strong> Rf values.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7109\" data-end=\"7222\">\n<li data-start=\"7109\" data-end=\"7170\">\n<p data-start=\"7111\" data-end=\"7170\">Identify the <strong data-start=\"7124\" data-end=\"7138\">most polar<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"7143\" data-end=\"7158\">least polar<\/strong> pigments.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7171\" data-end=\"7222\">\n<p data-start=\"7173\" data-end=\"7222\">Explain how your data supports this conclusion.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Licenses and Attribution<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong>CC Licensed Content, Original:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">This educational material includes AI-generated content from ChatGPT by OpenAI. The original content created by Dr. Zeinab Motawe\u00a0from Hillsborough College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/deed.en\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">All images in this textbook generated with DALL-E are licensed under the terms provided by OpenAI, allowing for their free use, modification, and distribution with appropriate attribution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Other Licensed Content Included:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Adapted with permission from BioScience I Laboratory Manual by Jamie Colson-Moon and Denise Bristol. Per request from these original authors, this content is now licensed (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":130,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-258","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/258","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/130"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/258\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":379,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/258\/revisions\/379"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/258\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=258"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=258"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=258"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=258"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}