{"id":261,"date":"2025-11-05T20:20:50","date_gmt":"2025-11-05T20:20:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=261"},"modified":"2025-12-03T16:53:32","modified_gmt":"2025-12-03T16:53:32","slug":"lab-10-mitosis-meiosis","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/chapter\/lab-10-mitosis-meiosis\/","title":{"raw":"Lab 10: Mitosis &amp; Meiosis","rendered":"Lab 10: Mitosis &amp; Meiosis"},"content":{"raw":"<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none [--shadow-height:45px] has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-690b690c-c228-8326-b4fd-df8d85491f9b-6\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-28\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\r\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] thread-sm:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] thread-lg:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\r\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] thread-lg:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\">\r\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\r\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"319bbb4a-ce5e-4b6d-8638-900682874b59\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-instant\">\r\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[1px]\">\r\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\r\n<h1 data-start=\"253\" data-end=\"293\"><strong data-start=\"255\" data-end=\"293\">Laboratory 10: Mitosis and Meiosis<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"295\" data-end=\"298\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"300\" data-end=\"317\"><strong data-start=\"303\" data-end=\"317\">Objectives<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"319\" data-end=\"368\">After completing this lab, you should be able to:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"370\" data-end=\"583\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"370\" data-end=\"421\">\r\n<p data-start=\"372\" data-end=\"421\">Describe the <strong data-start=\"385\" data-end=\"418\">stages of mitosis and meiosis<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"496\">\r\n<p data-start=\"424\" data-end=\"496\">Demonstrate the processes of <strong data-start=\"453\" data-end=\"464\">mitosis<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"469\" data-end=\"480\">meiosis<\/strong> using models.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"583\">\r\n<p data-start=\"499\" data-end=\"583\">Identify stages of <strong data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"529\">mitosis<\/strong> in stained onion root tip and fish blastula slides.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"585\" data-end=\"588\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"590\" data-end=\"606\"><strong data-start=\"593\" data-end=\"606\">Key Terms<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"608\" data-end=\"2349\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"608\" data-end=\"651\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"608\" data-end=\"651\">\r\n<th data-start=\"608\" data-end=\"619\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"610\" data-end=\"618\">Term<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"619\" data-end=\"651\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"621\" data-end=\"649\">Definition \/ Description<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"2349\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"778\">\r\n<td data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"712\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"699\" data-end=\"711\">Anaphase<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"712\" data-end=\"778\">Stage in which chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"779\" data-end=\"855\">\r\n<td data-start=\"779\" data-end=\"796\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"781\" data-end=\"795\">Cell Plate<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"796\" data-end=\"855\">Structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"856\" data-end=\"932\">\r\n<td data-start=\"856\" data-end=\"872\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"858\" data-end=\"871\">Centriole<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"872\" data-end=\"932\">Organelle that organizes spindle fibers during division.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"933\" data-end=\"992\">\r\n<td data-start=\"933\" data-end=\"950\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"935\" data-end=\"949\">Centromere<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"950\" data-end=\"992\">Region where sister chromatids attach.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"993\" data-end=\"1076\">\r\n<td data-start=\"993\" data-end=\"1010\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"995\" data-end=\"1009\">Chromosome<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1010\" data-end=\"1076\">Condensed DNA and protein structure carrying genetic material.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1077\" data-end=\"1159\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1077\" data-end=\"1099\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1079\" data-end=\"1098\">Cleavage Furrow<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1099\" data-end=\"1159\">Indentation in animal cell membranes during cytokinesis.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1160\" data-end=\"1261\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1160\" data-end=\"1180\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1162\" data-end=\"1179\">Crossing Over<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1180\" data-end=\"1261\">Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1262\" data-end=\"1339\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1262\" data-end=\"1280\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1264\" data-end=\"1279\">Cytokinesis<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1280\" data-end=\"1339\">Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis or meiosis.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1403\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1359\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1342\" data-end=\"1358\">Diploid (2n)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1359\" data-end=\"1403\">Cell containing two sets of chromosomes.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1404\" data-end=\"1465\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1404\" data-end=\"1418\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1406\" data-end=\"1417\">Gametes<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1418\" data-end=\"1465\">Haploid reproductive cells (sperm and egg).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1466\" data-end=\"1527\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1466\" data-end=\"1484\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1468\" data-end=\"1483\">Haploid (n)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1484\" data-end=\"1527\">Cell containing one set of chromosomes.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1528\" data-end=\"1603\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1528\" data-end=\"1545\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1530\" data-end=\"1544\">Interphase<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1545\" data-end=\"1603\">Phase of growth and DNA replication between divisions.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1604\" data-end=\"1687\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1604\" data-end=\"1622\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1606\" data-end=\"1621\">Kinetochore<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1622\" data-end=\"1687\">Protein structure on centromeres where spindle fibers attach.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1688\" data-end=\"1775\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1688\" data-end=\"1702\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1690\" data-end=\"1701\">Meiosis<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1702\" data-end=\"1775\">Nuclear division that produces four genetically unique haploid cells.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1776\" data-end=\"1851\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1776\" data-end=\"1792\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1778\" data-end=\"1791\">Metaphase<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1792\" data-end=\"1851\">Stage where chromosomes align along the cell\u2019s midline.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1852\" data-end=\"1933\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1852\" data-end=\"1866\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1854\" data-end=\"1865\">Mitosis<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1866\" data-end=\"1933\">Division of the nucleus producing two identical daughter cells.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1934\" data-end=\"1998\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1934\" data-end=\"1949\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1936\" data-end=\"1948\">Prophase<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1949\" data-end=\"1998\">Chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1999\" data-end=\"2075\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1999\" data-end=\"2023\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2001\" data-end=\"2022\">Sister Chromatids<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2023\" data-end=\"2075\">Two identical copies of a replicated chromosome.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"2076\" data-end=\"2134\">\r\n<td data-start=\"2076\" data-end=\"2090\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2078\" data-end=\"2089\">Somatic<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2090\" data-end=\"2134\">Refers to body cells (non-reproductive).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"2135\" data-end=\"2205\">\r\n<td data-start=\"2135\" data-end=\"2151\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2137\" data-end=\"2150\">Telophase<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2151\" data-end=\"2205\">Chromosomes reach poles, nuclear membranes reform.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"2206\" data-end=\"2283\">\r\n<td data-start=\"2206\" data-end=\"2219\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2208\" data-end=\"2218\">Tetrad<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2219\" data-end=\"2283\">Structure formed by homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"2284\" data-end=\"2349\">\r\n<td data-start=\"2284\" data-end=\"2297\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2286\" data-end=\"2296\">Zygote<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2297\" data-end=\"2349\">Fertilized egg cell formed by fusion of gametes.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"2351\" data-end=\"2354\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"2356\" data-end=\"2375\"><strong data-start=\"2359\" data-end=\"2375\">Introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"2377\" data-end=\"2612\">Every multicellular organism begins as a <strong data-start=\"2418\" data-end=\"2433\">single cell<\/strong> called a <strong data-start=\"2443\" data-end=\"2453\">zygote<\/strong>, formed when an egg is fertilized by a sperm. Through continuous cell divisions, this zygote develops into a complete organism composed of trillions of cells.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"2614\" data-end=\"2662\">Cell division occurs through two main processes:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"2664\" data-end=\"2819\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2664\" data-end=\"2739\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2666\" data-end=\"2739\"><strong data-start=\"2666\" data-end=\"2677\">Mitosis<\/strong> \u2013 for growth and repair (produces identical diploid cells).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2740\" data-end=\"2819\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2742\" data-end=\"2819\"><strong data-start=\"2742\" data-end=\"2753\">Meiosis<\/strong> \u2013 for reproduction (produces genetically unique haploid gametes).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"2821\" data-end=\"2824\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"2826\" data-end=\"2841\"><strong data-start=\"2830\" data-end=\"2841\">Mitosis<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"2843\" data-end=\"3049\">Mitosis produces two identical <strong data-start=\"2874\" data-end=\"2890\">diploid (2n)<\/strong> daughter cells from one diploid parent cell. Each daughter cell has the same genetic information as the parent. The process is divided into four major stages:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol data-start=\"3051\" data-end=\"3151\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3051\" data-end=\"3068\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3054\" data-end=\"3068\"><strong data-start=\"3054\" data-end=\"3066\">Prophase<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3069\" data-end=\"3087\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3072\" data-end=\"3087\"><strong data-start=\"3072\" data-end=\"3085\">Metaphase<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3088\" data-end=\"3105\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3091\" data-end=\"3105\"><strong data-start=\"3091\" data-end=\"3103\">Anaphase<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3106\" data-end=\"3151\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3109\" data-end=\"3151\"><strong data-start=\"3109\" data-end=\"3122\">Telophase<\/strong>, followed by <strong data-start=\"3136\" data-end=\"3151\">Cytokinesis<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"3153\" data-end=\"3156\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"3158\" data-end=\"3173\"><strong data-start=\"3162\" data-end=\"3173\">Meiosis<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"3175\" data-end=\"3386\"><strong data-start=\"3175\" data-end=\"3186\">Meiosis<\/strong> occurs in reproductive organs to produce <strong data-start=\"3228\" data-end=\"3239\">gametes<\/strong> (sperm and eggs).<br data-start=\"3257\" data-end=\"3260\" \/>It reduces the chromosome number by half \u2014 from diploid (2n) to haploid (n) \u2014 ensuring genetic stability across generations.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"3388\" data-end=\"3534\">During <strong data-start=\"3395\" data-end=\"3408\">Meiosis I<\/strong>, homologous chromosomes separate, and during <strong data-start=\"3454\" data-end=\"3468\">Meiosis II<\/strong>, sister chromatids separate, resulting in <strong data-start=\"3511\" data-end=\"3533\">four haploid cells<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"3536\" data-end=\"3539\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"3541\" data-end=\"3557\"><strong data-start=\"3544\" data-end=\"3557\">Materials<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul data-start=\"3559\" data-end=\"3844\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3559\" data-end=\"3574\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3561\" data-end=\"3574\">Purple yarn<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3608\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3577\" data-end=\"3608\">White string (spindle fibers)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3609\" data-end=\"3646\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3611\" data-end=\"3646\">Two rod-shaped beads (centrioles)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3647\" data-end=\"3698\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3649\" data-end=\"3698\">Two strands of red beads (paternal chromosomes)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3699\" data-end=\"3753\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3701\" data-end=\"3753\">Two strands of yellow beads (maternal chromosomes)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3754\" data-end=\"3779\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3756\" data-end=\"3779\">Magnets (centromeres)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3780\" data-end=\"3812\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3782\" data-end=\"3812\">Onion root tip mitosis slide<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3813\" data-end=\"3844\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3815\" data-end=\"3844\">Fish blastula mitosis slide<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"3846\" data-end=\"3849\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"3851\" data-end=\"3868\"><strong data-start=\"3854\" data-end=\"3868\">Procedures<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"3870\" data-end=\"3873\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"3875\" data-end=\"3914\"><strong data-start=\"3879\" data-end=\"3914\">Experiment 1 \u2013 Modeling Mitosis<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ol data-start=\"3916\" data-end=\"5752\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3916\" data-end=\"4162\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3919\" data-end=\"3940\"><strong data-start=\"3919\" data-end=\"3940\">Model Components:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"3944\" data-end=\"4162\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3944\" data-end=\"3978\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3946\" data-end=\"3978\">Purple yarn \u2192 Nuclear envelope<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3982\" data-end=\"4017\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3984\" data-end=\"4017\">Red beads \u2192 Paternal chromosome<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4021\" data-end=\"4059\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4023\" data-end=\"4059\">Yellow beads \u2192 Maternal chromosome<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4063\" data-end=\"4088\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4065\" data-end=\"4088\">Magnets \u2192 Centromeres<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4092\" data-end=\"4125\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4094\" data-end=\"4125\">Rod-shaped beads \u2192 Centrioles<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4129\" data-end=\"4162\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4131\" data-end=\"4162\">White string \u2192 Spindle fibers<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4164\" data-end=\"4571\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4167\" data-end=\"4182\"><strong data-start=\"4167\" data-end=\"4182\">Interphase:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"4186\" data-end=\"4359\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4186\" data-end=\"4266\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4188\" data-end=\"4266\">DNA replication occurs, forming <strong data-start=\"4220\" data-end=\"4241\">sister chromatids<\/strong> joined at centromeres.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4270\" data-end=\"4295\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4272\" data-end=\"4295\">Centrioles duplicate.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4299\" data-end=\"4355\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4301\" data-end=\"4355\">Protein synthesis and metabolic activities continue.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<blockquote data-start=\"4359\" data-end=\"4441\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4361\" data-end=\"4441\">Note: This phase cannot be fully modeled but is essential before mitosis begins.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p data-start=\"4446\" data-end=\"4571\"><strong data-start=\"4446\" data-end=\"4459\">Question:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4459\" data-end=\"4462\" \/>If you begin mitosis with one diploid cell, how many cells result at the end? Are they haploid or diploid?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4573\" data-end=\"4987\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4576\" data-end=\"4589\"><strong data-start=\"4576\" data-end=\"4589\">Prophase:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"4593\" data-end=\"4729\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4593\" data-end=\"4637\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4595\" data-end=\"4637\">Chromosomes condense and become visible.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4641\" data-end=\"4674\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4643\" data-end=\"4674\">Nuclear envelope breaks down.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4678\" data-end=\"4729\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4680\" data-end=\"4729\">Spindle fibers form and attach to kinetochores.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"4734\" data-end=\"4753\"><strong data-start=\"4734\" data-end=\"4753\">Modeling Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"4757\" data-end=\"4987\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4757\" data-end=\"4840\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4759\" data-end=\"4840\">Use purple yarn as the nucleus; place paired red and yellow chromosomes inside.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4844\" data-end=\"4886\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4846\" data-end=\"4886\">Move the centrioles to opposite poles.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4890\" data-end=\"4929\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4892\" data-end=\"4929\">Remove the yarn (nuclear envelope).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4933\" data-end=\"4987\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4935\" data-end=\"4987\">Attach spindle fibers (white string) to centromeres.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4989\" data-end=\"5223\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4992\" data-end=\"5006\"><strong data-start=\"4992\" data-end=\"5006\">Metaphase:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"5010\" data-end=\"5134\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5010\" data-end=\"5063\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5012\" data-end=\"5063\">Chromosomes align along the <strong data-start=\"5040\" data-end=\"5060\">equatorial plane<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5067\" data-end=\"5134\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5069\" data-end=\"5134\">Spindle fibers from opposite poles attach to sister chromatids.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"5139\" data-end=\"5223\"><strong data-start=\"5139\" data-end=\"5149\">Model:<\/strong> Align chromosomes at midline using the white string to represent tension.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5225\" data-end=\"5434\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5228\" data-end=\"5241\"><strong data-start=\"5228\" data-end=\"5241\">Anaphase:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"5245\" data-end=\"5351\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5245\" data-end=\"5303\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5247\" data-end=\"5303\">Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5307\" data-end=\"5351\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5309\" data-end=\"5351\">The kinetochore leads, chromatids trail.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"5356\" data-end=\"5434\"><strong data-start=\"5356\" data-end=\"5366\">Model:<\/strong> Gently pull on the spindle fibers to simulate chromatid separation.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5436\" data-end=\"5752\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5439\" data-end=\"5469\"><strong data-start=\"5439\" data-end=\"5469\">Telophase and Cytokinesis:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"5473\" data-end=\"5667\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5473\" data-end=\"5500\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5475\" data-end=\"5500\">Chromosomes decondense.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5504\" data-end=\"5533\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5506\" data-end=\"5533\">Nuclear envelopes reform.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5537\" data-end=\"5590\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5539\" data-end=\"5590\">In <strong data-start=\"5542\" data-end=\"5558\">animal cells<\/strong>, a <strong data-start=\"5562\" data-end=\"5581\">cleavage furrow<\/strong> forms.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5594\" data-end=\"5667\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5596\" data-end=\"5667\">In <strong data-start=\"5599\" data-end=\"5614\">plant cells<\/strong>, a <strong data-start=\"5618\" data-end=\"5632\">cell plate<\/strong> develops between daughter cells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"5672\" data-end=\"5684\"><strong data-start=\"5672\" data-end=\"5682\">Model:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"5688\" data-end=\"5752\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5688\" data-end=\"5714\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5690\" data-end=\"5714\">Remove spindle fibers.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5718\" data-end=\"5752\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5720\" data-end=\"5752\">Use yarn to form two new nuclei.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"5754\" data-end=\"5757\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"5759\" data-end=\"5836\"><strong data-start=\"5763\" data-end=\"5836\">Experiment 2 \u2013 Observing Mitosis in Onion Root Tips and Fish Blastula<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ol data-start=\"5838\" data-end=\"6124\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5838\" data-end=\"5930\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5841\" data-end=\"5930\">Examine the slides under <strong data-start=\"5866\" data-end=\"5885\">low power (40\u00d7)<\/strong> to locate active regions of cell division.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"5931\" data-end=\"6021\">\r\n<p data-start=\"5934\" data-end=\"6021\">Focus on the <strong data-start=\"5947\" data-end=\"5959\">root tip<\/strong> (plant) or <strong data-start=\"5971\" data-end=\"5983\">blastula<\/strong> (animal) for high mitotic activity.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6022\" data-end=\"6086\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6025\" data-end=\"6086\">Increase magnification to <strong data-start=\"6051\" data-end=\"6059\">400\u00d7<\/strong> to view distinct stages.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6087\" data-end=\"6124\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6090\" data-end=\"6124\">Identify and record the following:<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"6126\" data-end=\"6532\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"6126\" data-end=\"6157\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"6126\" data-end=\"6157\">\r\n<th data-start=\"6126\" data-end=\"6138\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6128\" data-end=\"6137\">Stage<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6138\" data-end=\"6157\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"6140\" data-end=\"6155\">Description<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"6190\" data-end=\"6532\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"6190\" data-end=\"6260\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6190\" data-end=\"6207\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6192\" data-end=\"6206\">Interphase<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"6207\" data-end=\"6260\">Chromosomes not visible; nuclear envelope intact.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6261\" data-end=\"6330\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6261\" data-end=\"6276\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6263\" data-end=\"6275\">Prophase<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"6276\" data-end=\"6330\">Chromosomes condense; nuclear envelope disappears.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6331\" data-end=\"6384\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6331\" data-end=\"6347\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6333\" data-end=\"6346\">Metaphase<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"6347\" data-end=\"6384\">Chromosomes align at the midline.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6385\" data-end=\"6458\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6385\" data-end=\"6400\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6387\" data-end=\"6399\">Anaphase<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"6400\" data-end=\"6458\">Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6459\" data-end=\"6532\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6459\" data-end=\"6475\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6461\" data-end=\"6474\">Telophase<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"6475\" data-end=\"6532\">Nuclear membranes reform; cytoplasm begins to divide.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ol start=\"5\" data-start=\"6534\" data-end=\"6653\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6534\" data-end=\"6608\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6537\" data-end=\"6608\">Draw and label the stages observed for both the onion and fish cells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"6609\" data-end=\"6653\">\r\n<p data-start=\"6612\" data-end=\"6653\">Record descriptions in <strong data-start=\"6635\" data-end=\"6646\">Table 1<\/strong> below.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"6655\" data-end=\"6658\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h4 data-start=\"6660\" data-end=\"6726\"><strong data-start=\"6665\" data-end=\"6726\">Table 1. Stages of the Cell Cycle in Onion and Fish Cells<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"6728\" data-end=\"7040\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"6728\" data-end=\"6833\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"6728\" data-end=\"6833\">\r\n<th data-start=\"6728\" data-end=\"6740\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6730\" data-end=\"6739\">Stage<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6740\" data-end=\"6771\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6742\" data-end=\"6770\">Drawing \u2013 Onion Root Tip<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6771\" data-end=\"6801\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6773\" data-end=\"6800\">Drawing \u2013 Fish Blastula<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6801\" data-end=\"6833\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6803\" data-end=\"6831\">Description of the Stage<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"6942\" data-end=\"7040\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"6942\" data-end=\"6962\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6942\" data-end=\"6955\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Interphase<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6955\" data-end=\"6957\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6957\" data-end=\"6959\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6959\" data-end=\"6962\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6963\" data-end=\"6981\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6963\" data-end=\"6974\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Prophase<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6974\" data-end=\"6976\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6976\" data-end=\"6978\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6978\" data-end=\"6981\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6982\" data-end=\"7001\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6982\" data-end=\"6994\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Metaphase<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6994\" data-end=\"6996\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6996\" data-end=\"6998\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6998\" data-end=\"7001\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"7002\" data-end=\"7020\">\r\n<td data-start=\"7002\" data-end=\"7013\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Anaphase<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7013\" data-end=\"7015\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7015\" data-end=\"7017\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7017\" data-end=\"7020\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"7021\" data-end=\"7040\">\r\n<td data-start=\"7021\" data-end=\"7033\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Telophase<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7033\" data-end=\"7035\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7035\" data-end=\"7037\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7037\" data-end=\"7040\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"7042\" data-end=\"7045\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"7047\" data-end=\"7086\"><strong data-start=\"7051\" data-end=\"7086\">Experiment 3 \u2013 Modeling Meiosis<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ol data-start=\"7088\" data-end=\"8199\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7088\" data-end=\"7172\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7091\" data-end=\"7172\"><strong data-start=\"7091\" data-end=\"7112\">Model Components:<\/strong><br data-start=\"7112\" data-end=\"7115\" \/>Same as in Experiment 1 (yarn, beads, string, etc.).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7174\" data-end=\"7268\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7177\" data-end=\"7194\"><strong data-start=\"7177\" data-end=\"7192\">Interphase:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"7198\" data-end=\"7268\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7198\" data-end=\"7268\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7200\" data-end=\"7268\">DNA replicates, producing sister chromatids joined at centromeres.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7270\" data-end=\"7519\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7273\" data-end=\"7290\"><strong data-start=\"7273\" data-end=\"7288\">Prophase I:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"7294\" data-end=\"7519\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7294\" data-end=\"7357\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7296\" data-end=\"7357\">Homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis) to form <strong data-start=\"7343\" data-end=\"7354\">tetrads<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7361\" data-end=\"7519\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7363\" data-end=\"7519\"><strong data-start=\"7363\" data-end=\"7380\">Crossing over<\/strong> occurs at <strong data-start=\"7391\" data-end=\"7404\">chiasmata<\/strong>, exchanging genetic material.<br data-start=\"7434\" data-end=\"7437\" \/><strong data-start=\"7440\" data-end=\"7450\">Model:<\/strong> Pair red and yellow chromatids and swap one bead between homologs.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7521\" data-end=\"7661\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7524\" data-end=\"7542\"><strong data-start=\"7524\" data-end=\"7540\">Metaphase I:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"7546\" data-end=\"7661\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7546\" data-end=\"7582\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7548\" data-end=\"7582\">Tetrads align along the equator.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7586\" data-end=\"7661\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7588\" data-end=\"7661\">Spindle fibers attach to homologous chromosomes, not sister chromatids.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7663\" data-end=\"7750\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7666\" data-end=\"7683\"><strong data-start=\"7666\" data-end=\"7681\">Anaphase I:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"7687\" data-end=\"7750\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7687\" data-end=\"7750\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7689\" data-end=\"7750\">Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7752\" data-end=\"7873\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7755\" data-end=\"7789\"><strong data-start=\"7755\" data-end=\"7787\">Telophase I and Cytokinesis:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"7793\" data-end=\"7873\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7793\" data-end=\"7873\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7795\" data-end=\"7873\">Two <strong data-start=\"7799\" data-end=\"7810\">haploid<\/strong> daughter cells form (each still has duplicated chromosomes).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7875\" data-end=\"7987\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7878\" data-end=\"7896\"><strong data-start=\"7878\" data-end=\"7894\">Prophase II:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"7900\" data-end=\"7987\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7900\" data-end=\"7930\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7902\" data-end=\"7930\">No DNA replication occurs.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7934\" data-end=\"7987\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7936\" data-end=\"7987\">New spindle apparatus forms in each haploid cell.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7989\" data-end=\"8073\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7992\" data-end=\"8011\"><strong data-start=\"7992\" data-end=\"8009\">Metaphase II:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"8015\" data-end=\"8073\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8015\" data-end=\"8073\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8017\" data-end=\"8073\">Chromosomes align individually along the cell midline.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8075\" data-end=\"8158\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8078\" data-end=\"8096\"><strong data-start=\"8078\" data-end=\"8094\">Anaphase II:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"8100\" data-end=\"8158\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8100\" data-end=\"8158\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8102\" data-end=\"8158\">Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8160\" data-end=\"8199\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8164\" data-end=\"8199\"><strong data-start=\"8164\" data-end=\"8197\">Telophase II and Cytokinesis:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul data-start=\"8203\" data-end=\"8300\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8203\" data-end=\"8256\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8205\" data-end=\"8256\">Nuclear membranes reform; chromosomes decondense.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8260\" data-end=\"8300\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8262\" data-end=\"8300\"><strong data-start=\"8262\" data-end=\"8286\">Four haploid gametes<\/strong> are produced.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"8302\" data-end=\"8305\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"8307\" data-end=\"8330\"><strong data-start=\"8310\" data-end=\"8330\">Review Questions<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ol data-start=\"8332\" data-end=\"8673\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8332\" data-end=\"8408\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8335\" data-end=\"8408\">Explain how <strong data-start=\"8347\" data-end=\"8358\">mitosis<\/strong> differs between <strong data-start=\"8375\" data-end=\"8384\">plant<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"8389\" data-end=\"8399\">animal<\/strong> cells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8409\" data-end=\"8495\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8412\" data-end=\"8495\">Compare and contrast <strong data-start=\"8433\" data-end=\"8444\">mitosis<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"8449\" data-end=\"8460\">meiosis<\/strong> in terms of purpose and outcome.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8496\" data-end=\"8565\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8499\" data-end=\"8565\">Why is it biologically important to produce <strong data-start=\"8543\" data-end=\"8562\">haploid gametes<\/strong>?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"8566\" data-end=\"8673\">\r\n<p data-start=\"8569\" data-end=\"8673\">Compare and contrast <strong data-start=\"8590\" data-end=\"8603\">Meiosis I<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"8608\" data-end=\"8622\">Meiosis II<\/strong> with respect to chromosome behavior and outcome.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"mt-3 w-full empty:hidden\">\r\n<div class=\"text-center\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<div class=\"pointer-events-none h-px w-px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-edge=\"true\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h2><strong>Licenses and Attribution<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3><strong>CC Licensed Content, Original:<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\r\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\r\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">This educational material includes AI-generated content from ChatGPT by OpenAI. The original content created by Dr. Zeinab Motawe\u00a0from Hillsborough College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/deed.en\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\r\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">All images in this textbook generated with DALL-E are licensed under the terms provided by OpenAI, allowing for their free use, modification, and distribution with appropriate attribution.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>Other Licensed Content Included:<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Adapted with permission from BioScience I Laboratory Manual by Jamie Colson-Moon and Denise Bristol. Per request from these original authors, this content is now licensed (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA<\/a>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none [--shadow-height:45px] has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-690b690c-c228-8326-b4fd-df8d85491f9b-6\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-28\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] thread-sm:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] thread-lg:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] thread-lg:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"319bbb4a-ce5e-4b6d-8638-900682874b59\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-instant\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[1px]\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\n<h1 data-start=\"253\" data-end=\"293\"><strong data-start=\"255\" data-end=\"293\">Laboratory 10: Mitosis and Meiosis<\/strong><\/h1>\n<hr data-start=\"295\" data-end=\"298\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"300\" data-end=\"317\"><strong data-start=\"303\" data-end=\"317\">Objectives<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"319\" data-end=\"368\">After completing this lab, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"370\" data-end=\"583\">\n<li data-start=\"370\" data-end=\"421\">\n<p data-start=\"372\" data-end=\"421\">Describe the <strong data-start=\"385\" data-end=\"418\">stages of mitosis and meiosis<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"496\">\n<p data-start=\"424\" data-end=\"496\">Demonstrate the processes of <strong data-start=\"453\" data-end=\"464\">mitosis<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"469\" data-end=\"480\">meiosis<\/strong> using models.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"583\">\n<p data-start=\"499\" data-end=\"583\">Identify stages of <strong data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"529\">mitosis<\/strong> in stained onion root tip and fish blastula slides.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"585\" data-end=\"588\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"590\" data-end=\"606\"><strong data-start=\"593\" data-end=\"606\">Key Terms<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"608\" data-end=\"2349\">\n<thead data-start=\"608\" data-end=\"651\">\n<tr data-start=\"608\" data-end=\"651\">\n<th data-start=\"608\" data-end=\"619\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"610\" data-end=\"618\">Term<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"619\" data-end=\"651\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"621\" data-end=\"649\">Definition \/ Description<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"2349\">\n<tr data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"778\">\n<td data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"712\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"699\" data-end=\"711\">Anaphase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"712\" data-end=\"778\">Stage in which chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"779\" data-end=\"855\">\n<td data-start=\"779\" data-end=\"796\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"781\" data-end=\"795\">Cell Plate<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"796\" data-end=\"855\">Structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"856\" data-end=\"932\">\n<td data-start=\"856\" data-end=\"872\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"858\" data-end=\"871\">Centriole<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"872\" data-end=\"932\">Organelle that organizes spindle fibers during division.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"933\" data-end=\"992\">\n<td data-start=\"933\" data-end=\"950\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"935\" data-end=\"949\">Centromere<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"950\" data-end=\"992\">Region where sister chromatids attach.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"993\" data-end=\"1076\">\n<td data-start=\"993\" data-end=\"1010\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"995\" data-end=\"1009\">Chromosome<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1010\" data-end=\"1076\">Condensed DNA and protein structure carrying genetic material.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1077\" data-end=\"1159\">\n<td data-start=\"1077\" data-end=\"1099\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1079\" data-end=\"1098\">Cleavage Furrow<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1099\" data-end=\"1159\">Indentation in animal cell membranes during cytokinesis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1160\" data-end=\"1261\">\n<td data-start=\"1160\" data-end=\"1180\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1162\" data-end=\"1179\">Crossing Over<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1180\" data-end=\"1261\">Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1262\" data-end=\"1339\">\n<td data-start=\"1262\" data-end=\"1280\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1264\" data-end=\"1279\">Cytokinesis<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1280\" data-end=\"1339\">Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis or meiosis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1403\">\n<td data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1359\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1342\" data-end=\"1358\">Diploid (2n)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1359\" data-end=\"1403\">Cell containing two sets of chromosomes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1404\" data-end=\"1465\">\n<td data-start=\"1404\" data-end=\"1418\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1406\" data-end=\"1417\">Gametes<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1418\" data-end=\"1465\">Haploid reproductive cells (sperm and egg).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1466\" data-end=\"1527\">\n<td data-start=\"1466\" data-end=\"1484\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1468\" data-end=\"1483\">Haploid (n)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1484\" data-end=\"1527\">Cell containing one set of chromosomes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1528\" data-end=\"1603\">\n<td data-start=\"1528\" data-end=\"1545\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1530\" data-end=\"1544\">Interphase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1545\" data-end=\"1603\">Phase of growth and DNA replication between divisions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1604\" data-end=\"1687\">\n<td data-start=\"1604\" data-end=\"1622\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1606\" data-end=\"1621\">Kinetochore<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1622\" data-end=\"1687\">Protein structure on centromeres where spindle fibers attach.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1688\" data-end=\"1775\">\n<td data-start=\"1688\" data-end=\"1702\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1690\" data-end=\"1701\">Meiosis<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1702\" data-end=\"1775\">Nuclear division that produces four genetically unique haploid cells.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1776\" data-end=\"1851\">\n<td data-start=\"1776\" data-end=\"1792\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1778\" data-end=\"1791\">Metaphase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1792\" data-end=\"1851\">Stage where chromosomes align along the cell\u2019s midline.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1852\" data-end=\"1933\">\n<td data-start=\"1852\" data-end=\"1866\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1854\" data-end=\"1865\">Mitosis<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1866\" data-end=\"1933\">Division of the nucleus producing two identical daughter cells.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1934\" data-end=\"1998\">\n<td data-start=\"1934\" data-end=\"1949\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1936\" data-end=\"1948\">Prophase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1949\" data-end=\"1998\">Chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1999\" data-end=\"2075\">\n<td data-start=\"1999\" data-end=\"2023\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2001\" data-end=\"2022\">Sister Chromatids<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2023\" data-end=\"2075\">Two identical copies of a replicated chromosome.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2076\" data-end=\"2134\">\n<td data-start=\"2076\" data-end=\"2090\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2078\" data-end=\"2089\">Somatic<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2090\" data-end=\"2134\">Refers to body cells (non-reproductive).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2135\" data-end=\"2205\">\n<td data-start=\"2135\" data-end=\"2151\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2137\" data-end=\"2150\">Telophase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2151\" data-end=\"2205\">Chromosomes reach poles, nuclear membranes reform.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2206\" data-end=\"2283\">\n<td data-start=\"2206\" data-end=\"2219\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2208\" data-end=\"2218\">Tetrad<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2219\" data-end=\"2283\">Structure formed by homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2284\" data-end=\"2349\">\n<td data-start=\"2284\" data-end=\"2297\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2286\" data-end=\"2296\">Zygote<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2297\" data-end=\"2349\">Fertilized egg cell formed by fusion of gametes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"2351\" data-end=\"2354\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"2356\" data-end=\"2375\"><strong data-start=\"2359\" data-end=\"2375\">Introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2377\" data-end=\"2612\">Every multicellular organism begins as a <strong data-start=\"2418\" data-end=\"2433\">single cell<\/strong> called a <strong data-start=\"2443\" data-end=\"2453\">zygote<\/strong>, formed when an egg is fertilized by a sperm. Through continuous cell divisions, this zygote develops into a complete organism composed of trillions of cells.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2614\" data-end=\"2662\">Cell division occurs through two main processes:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2664\" data-end=\"2819\">\n<li data-start=\"2664\" data-end=\"2739\">\n<p data-start=\"2666\" data-end=\"2739\"><strong data-start=\"2666\" data-end=\"2677\">Mitosis<\/strong> \u2013 for growth and repair (produces identical diploid cells).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2740\" data-end=\"2819\">\n<p data-start=\"2742\" data-end=\"2819\"><strong data-start=\"2742\" data-end=\"2753\">Meiosis<\/strong> \u2013 for reproduction (produces genetically unique haploid gametes).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"2821\" data-end=\"2824\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2826\" data-end=\"2841\"><strong data-start=\"2830\" data-end=\"2841\">Mitosis<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2843\" data-end=\"3049\">Mitosis produces two identical <strong data-start=\"2874\" data-end=\"2890\">diploid (2n)<\/strong> daughter cells from one diploid parent cell. Each daughter cell has the same genetic information as the parent. The process is divided into four major stages:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"3051\" data-end=\"3151\">\n<li data-start=\"3051\" data-end=\"3068\">\n<p data-start=\"3054\" data-end=\"3068\"><strong data-start=\"3054\" data-end=\"3066\">Prophase<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3069\" data-end=\"3087\">\n<p data-start=\"3072\" data-end=\"3087\"><strong data-start=\"3072\" data-end=\"3085\">Metaphase<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3088\" data-end=\"3105\">\n<p data-start=\"3091\" data-end=\"3105\"><strong data-start=\"3091\" data-end=\"3103\">Anaphase<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3106\" data-end=\"3151\">\n<p data-start=\"3109\" data-end=\"3151\"><strong data-start=\"3109\" data-end=\"3122\">Telophase<\/strong>, followed by <strong data-start=\"3136\" data-end=\"3151\">Cytokinesis<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"3153\" data-end=\"3156\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"3158\" data-end=\"3173\"><strong data-start=\"3162\" data-end=\"3173\">Meiosis<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3175\" data-end=\"3386\"><strong data-start=\"3175\" data-end=\"3186\">Meiosis<\/strong> occurs in reproductive organs to produce <strong data-start=\"3228\" data-end=\"3239\">gametes<\/strong> (sperm and eggs).<br data-start=\"3257\" data-end=\"3260\" \/>It reduces the chromosome number by half \u2014 from diploid (2n) to haploid (n) \u2014 ensuring genetic stability across generations.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3388\" data-end=\"3534\">During <strong data-start=\"3395\" data-end=\"3408\">Meiosis I<\/strong>, homologous chromosomes separate, and during <strong data-start=\"3454\" data-end=\"3468\">Meiosis II<\/strong>, sister chromatids separate, resulting in <strong data-start=\"3511\" data-end=\"3533\">four haploid cells<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3536\" data-end=\"3539\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"3541\" data-end=\"3557\"><strong data-start=\"3544\" data-end=\"3557\">Materials<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"3559\" data-end=\"3844\">\n<li data-start=\"3559\" data-end=\"3574\">\n<p data-start=\"3561\" data-end=\"3574\">Purple yarn<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3608\">\n<p data-start=\"3577\" data-end=\"3608\">White string (spindle fibers)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3609\" data-end=\"3646\">\n<p data-start=\"3611\" data-end=\"3646\">Two rod-shaped beads (centrioles)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3647\" data-end=\"3698\">\n<p data-start=\"3649\" data-end=\"3698\">Two strands of red beads (paternal chromosomes)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3699\" data-end=\"3753\">\n<p data-start=\"3701\" data-end=\"3753\">Two strands of yellow beads (maternal chromosomes)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3754\" data-end=\"3779\">\n<p data-start=\"3756\" data-end=\"3779\">Magnets (centromeres)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3780\" data-end=\"3812\">\n<p data-start=\"3782\" data-end=\"3812\">Onion root tip mitosis slide<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3813\" data-end=\"3844\">\n<p data-start=\"3815\" data-end=\"3844\">Fish blastula mitosis slide<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"3846\" data-end=\"3849\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"3851\" data-end=\"3868\"><strong data-start=\"3854\" data-end=\"3868\">Procedures<\/strong><\/h2>\n<hr data-start=\"3870\" data-end=\"3873\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"3875\" data-end=\"3914\"><strong data-start=\"3879\" data-end=\"3914\">Experiment 1 \u2013 Modeling Mitosis<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"3916\" data-end=\"5752\">\n<li data-start=\"3916\" data-end=\"4162\">\n<p data-start=\"3919\" data-end=\"3940\"><strong data-start=\"3919\" data-end=\"3940\">Model Components:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3944\" data-end=\"4162\">\n<li data-start=\"3944\" data-end=\"3978\">\n<p data-start=\"3946\" data-end=\"3978\">Purple yarn \u2192 Nuclear envelope<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3982\" data-end=\"4017\">\n<p data-start=\"3984\" data-end=\"4017\">Red beads \u2192 Paternal chromosome<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4021\" data-end=\"4059\">\n<p data-start=\"4023\" data-end=\"4059\">Yellow beads \u2192 Maternal chromosome<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4063\" data-end=\"4088\">\n<p data-start=\"4065\" data-end=\"4088\">Magnets \u2192 Centromeres<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4092\" data-end=\"4125\">\n<p data-start=\"4094\" data-end=\"4125\">Rod-shaped beads \u2192 Centrioles<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4129\" data-end=\"4162\">\n<p data-start=\"4131\" data-end=\"4162\">White string \u2192 Spindle fibers<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4164\" data-end=\"4571\">\n<p data-start=\"4167\" data-end=\"4182\"><strong data-start=\"4167\" data-end=\"4182\">Interphase:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4186\" data-end=\"4359\">\n<li data-start=\"4186\" data-end=\"4266\">\n<p data-start=\"4188\" data-end=\"4266\">DNA replication occurs, forming <strong data-start=\"4220\" data-end=\"4241\">sister chromatids<\/strong> joined at centromeres.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4270\" data-end=\"4295\">\n<p data-start=\"4272\" data-end=\"4295\">Centrioles duplicate.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4299\" data-end=\"4355\">\n<p data-start=\"4301\" data-end=\"4355\">Protein synthesis and metabolic activities continue.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote data-start=\"4359\" data-end=\"4441\">\n<p data-start=\"4361\" data-end=\"4441\">Note: This phase cannot be fully modeled but is essential before mitosis begins.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p data-start=\"4446\" data-end=\"4571\"><strong data-start=\"4446\" data-end=\"4459\">Question:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4459\" data-end=\"4462\" \/>If you begin mitosis with one diploid cell, how many cells result at the end? Are they haploid or diploid?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4573\" data-end=\"4987\">\n<p data-start=\"4576\" data-end=\"4589\"><strong data-start=\"4576\" data-end=\"4589\">Prophase:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4593\" data-end=\"4729\">\n<li data-start=\"4593\" data-end=\"4637\">\n<p data-start=\"4595\" data-end=\"4637\">Chromosomes condense and become visible.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4641\" data-end=\"4674\">\n<p data-start=\"4643\" data-end=\"4674\">Nuclear envelope breaks down.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4678\" data-end=\"4729\">\n<p data-start=\"4680\" data-end=\"4729\">Spindle fibers form and attach to kinetochores.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"4734\" data-end=\"4753\"><strong data-start=\"4734\" data-end=\"4753\">Modeling Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4757\" data-end=\"4987\">\n<li data-start=\"4757\" data-end=\"4840\">\n<p data-start=\"4759\" data-end=\"4840\">Use purple yarn as the nucleus; place paired red and yellow chromosomes inside.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4844\" data-end=\"4886\">\n<p data-start=\"4846\" data-end=\"4886\">Move the centrioles to opposite poles.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4890\" data-end=\"4929\">\n<p data-start=\"4892\" data-end=\"4929\">Remove the yarn (nuclear envelope).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4933\" data-end=\"4987\">\n<p data-start=\"4935\" data-end=\"4987\">Attach spindle fibers (white string) to centromeres.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4989\" data-end=\"5223\">\n<p data-start=\"4992\" data-end=\"5006\"><strong data-start=\"4992\" data-end=\"5006\">Metaphase:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5010\" data-end=\"5134\">\n<li data-start=\"5010\" data-end=\"5063\">\n<p data-start=\"5012\" data-end=\"5063\">Chromosomes align along the <strong data-start=\"5040\" data-end=\"5060\">equatorial plane<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5067\" data-end=\"5134\">\n<p data-start=\"5069\" data-end=\"5134\">Spindle fibers from opposite poles attach to sister chromatids.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5139\" data-end=\"5223\"><strong data-start=\"5139\" data-end=\"5149\">Model:<\/strong> Align chromosomes at midline using the white string to represent tension.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5225\" data-end=\"5434\">\n<p data-start=\"5228\" data-end=\"5241\"><strong data-start=\"5228\" data-end=\"5241\">Anaphase:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5245\" data-end=\"5351\">\n<li data-start=\"5245\" data-end=\"5303\">\n<p data-start=\"5247\" data-end=\"5303\">Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5307\" data-end=\"5351\">\n<p data-start=\"5309\" data-end=\"5351\">The kinetochore leads, chromatids trail.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5356\" data-end=\"5434\"><strong data-start=\"5356\" data-end=\"5366\">Model:<\/strong> Gently pull on the spindle fibers to simulate chromatid separation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5436\" data-end=\"5752\">\n<p data-start=\"5439\" data-end=\"5469\"><strong data-start=\"5439\" data-end=\"5469\">Telophase and Cytokinesis:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5473\" data-end=\"5667\">\n<li data-start=\"5473\" data-end=\"5500\">\n<p data-start=\"5475\" data-end=\"5500\">Chromosomes decondense.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5504\" data-end=\"5533\">\n<p data-start=\"5506\" data-end=\"5533\">Nuclear envelopes reform.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5537\" data-end=\"5590\">\n<p data-start=\"5539\" data-end=\"5590\">In <strong data-start=\"5542\" data-end=\"5558\">animal cells<\/strong>, a <strong data-start=\"5562\" data-end=\"5581\">cleavage furrow<\/strong> forms.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5594\" data-end=\"5667\">\n<p data-start=\"5596\" data-end=\"5667\">In <strong data-start=\"5599\" data-end=\"5614\">plant cells<\/strong>, a <strong data-start=\"5618\" data-end=\"5632\">cell plate<\/strong> develops between daughter cells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5672\" data-end=\"5684\"><strong data-start=\"5672\" data-end=\"5682\">Model:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5688\" data-end=\"5752\">\n<li data-start=\"5688\" data-end=\"5714\">\n<p data-start=\"5690\" data-end=\"5714\">Remove spindle fibers.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5718\" data-end=\"5752\">\n<p data-start=\"5720\" data-end=\"5752\">Use yarn to form two new nuclei.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"5754\" data-end=\"5757\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"5759\" data-end=\"5836\"><strong data-start=\"5763\" data-end=\"5836\">Experiment 2 \u2013 Observing Mitosis in Onion Root Tips and Fish Blastula<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"5838\" data-end=\"6124\">\n<li data-start=\"5838\" data-end=\"5930\">\n<p data-start=\"5841\" data-end=\"5930\">Examine the slides under <strong data-start=\"5866\" data-end=\"5885\">low power (40\u00d7)<\/strong> to locate active regions of cell division.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5931\" data-end=\"6021\">\n<p data-start=\"5934\" data-end=\"6021\">Focus on the <strong data-start=\"5947\" data-end=\"5959\">root tip<\/strong> (plant) or <strong data-start=\"5971\" data-end=\"5983\">blastula<\/strong> (animal) for high mitotic activity.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6022\" data-end=\"6086\">\n<p data-start=\"6025\" data-end=\"6086\">Increase magnification to <strong data-start=\"6051\" data-end=\"6059\">400\u00d7<\/strong> to view distinct stages.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6087\" data-end=\"6124\">\n<p data-start=\"6090\" data-end=\"6124\">Identify and record the following:<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"6126\" data-end=\"6532\">\n<thead data-start=\"6126\" data-end=\"6157\">\n<tr data-start=\"6126\" data-end=\"6157\">\n<th data-start=\"6126\" data-end=\"6138\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6128\" data-end=\"6137\">Stage<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6138\" data-end=\"6157\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"6140\" data-end=\"6155\">Description<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"6190\" data-end=\"6532\">\n<tr data-start=\"6190\" data-end=\"6260\">\n<td data-start=\"6190\" data-end=\"6207\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6192\" data-end=\"6206\">Interphase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"6207\" data-end=\"6260\">Chromosomes not visible; nuclear envelope intact.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6261\" data-end=\"6330\">\n<td data-start=\"6261\" data-end=\"6276\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6263\" data-end=\"6275\">Prophase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"6276\" data-end=\"6330\">Chromosomes condense; nuclear envelope disappears.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6331\" data-end=\"6384\">\n<td data-start=\"6331\" data-end=\"6347\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6333\" data-end=\"6346\">Metaphase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"6347\" data-end=\"6384\">Chromosomes align at the midline.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6385\" data-end=\"6458\">\n<td data-start=\"6385\" data-end=\"6400\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6387\" data-end=\"6399\">Anaphase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"6400\" data-end=\"6458\">Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6459\" data-end=\"6532\">\n<td data-start=\"6459\" data-end=\"6475\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6461\" data-end=\"6474\">Telophase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"6475\" data-end=\"6532\">Nuclear membranes reform; cytoplasm begins to divide.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ol start=\"5\" data-start=\"6534\" data-end=\"6653\">\n<li data-start=\"6534\" data-end=\"6608\">\n<p data-start=\"6537\" data-end=\"6608\">Draw and label the stages observed for both the onion and fish cells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6609\" data-end=\"6653\">\n<p data-start=\"6612\" data-end=\"6653\">Record descriptions in <strong data-start=\"6635\" data-end=\"6646\">Table 1<\/strong> below.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"6655\" data-end=\"6658\" \/>\n<h4 data-start=\"6660\" data-end=\"6726\"><strong data-start=\"6665\" data-end=\"6726\">Table 1. Stages of the Cell Cycle in Onion and Fish Cells<\/strong><\/h4>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"6728\" data-end=\"7040\">\n<thead data-start=\"6728\" data-end=\"6833\">\n<tr data-start=\"6728\" data-end=\"6833\">\n<th data-start=\"6728\" data-end=\"6740\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6730\" data-end=\"6739\">Stage<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6740\" data-end=\"6771\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6742\" data-end=\"6770\">Drawing \u2013 Onion Root Tip<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6771\" data-end=\"6801\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6773\" data-end=\"6800\">Drawing \u2013 Fish Blastula<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6801\" data-end=\"6833\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6803\" data-end=\"6831\">Description of the Stage<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"6942\" data-end=\"7040\">\n<tr data-start=\"6942\" data-end=\"6962\">\n<td data-start=\"6942\" data-end=\"6955\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Interphase<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6955\" data-end=\"6957\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6957\" data-end=\"6959\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6959\" data-end=\"6962\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6963\" data-end=\"6981\">\n<td data-start=\"6963\" data-end=\"6974\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Prophase<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6974\" data-end=\"6976\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6976\" data-end=\"6978\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6978\" data-end=\"6981\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6982\" data-end=\"7001\">\n<td data-start=\"6982\" data-end=\"6994\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Metaphase<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6994\" data-end=\"6996\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6996\" data-end=\"6998\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6998\" data-end=\"7001\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"7002\" data-end=\"7020\">\n<td data-start=\"7002\" data-end=\"7013\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Anaphase<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7013\" data-end=\"7015\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7015\" data-end=\"7017\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7017\" data-end=\"7020\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"7021\" data-end=\"7040\">\n<td data-start=\"7021\" data-end=\"7033\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Telophase<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7033\" data-end=\"7035\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7035\" data-end=\"7037\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7037\" data-end=\"7040\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"7042\" data-end=\"7045\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"7047\" data-end=\"7086\"><strong data-start=\"7051\" data-end=\"7086\">Experiment 3 \u2013 Modeling Meiosis<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"7088\" data-end=\"8199\">\n<li data-start=\"7088\" data-end=\"7172\">\n<p data-start=\"7091\" data-end=\"7172\"><strong data-start=\"7091\" data-end=\"7112\">Model Components:<\/strong><br data-start=\"7112\" data-end=\"7115\" \/>Same as in Experiment 1 (yarn, beads, string, etc.).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7174\" data-end=\"7268\">\n<p data-start=\"7177\" data-end=\"7194\"><strong data-start=\"7177\" data-end=\"7192\">Interphase:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7198\" data-end=\"7268\">\n<li data-start=\"7198\" data-end=\"7268\">\n<p data-start=\"7200\" data-end=\"7268\">DNA replicates, producing sister chromatids joined at centromeres.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7270\" data-end=\"7519\">\n<p data-start=\"7273\" data-end=\"7290\"><strong data-start=\"7273\" data-end=\"7288\">Prophase I:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7294\" data-end=\"7519\">\n<li data-start=\"7294\" data-end=\"7357\">\n<p data-start=\"7296\" data-end=\"7357\">Homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis) to form <strong data-start=\"7343\" data-end=\"7354\">tetrads<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7361\" data-end=\"7519\">\n<p data-start=\"7363\" data-end=\"7519\"><strong data-start=\"7363\" data-end=\"7380\">Crossing over<\/strong> occurs at <strong data-start=\"7391\" data-end=\"7404\">chiasmata<\/strong>, exchanging genetic material.<br data-start=\"7434\" data-end=\"7437\" \/><strong data-start=\"7440\" data-end=\"7450\">Model:<\/strong> Pair red and yellow chromatids and swap one bead between homologs.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7521\" data-end=\"7661\">\n<p data-start=\"7524\" data-end=\"7542\"><strong data-start=\"7524\" data-end=\"7540\">Metaphase I:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7546\" data-end=\"7661\">\n<li data-start=\"7546\" data-end=\"7582\">\n<p data-start=\"7548\" data-end=\"7582\">Tetrads align along the equator.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7586\" data-end=\"7661\">\n<p data-start=\"7588\" data-end=\"7661\">Spindle fibers attach to homologous chromosomes, not sister chromatids.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7663\" data-end=\"7750\">\n<p data-start=\"7666\" data-end=\"7683\"><strong data-start=\"7666\" data-end=\"7681\">Anaphase I:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7687\" data-end=\"7750\">\n<li data-start=\"7687\" data-end=\"7750\">\n<p data-start=\"7689\" data-end=\"7750\">Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7752\" data-end=\"7873\">\n<p data-start=\"7755\" data-end=\"7789\"><strong data-start=\"7755\" data-end=\"7787\">Telophase I and Cytokinesis:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7793\" data-end=\"7873\">\n<li data-start=\"7793\" data-end=\"7873\">\n<p data-start=\"7795\" data-end=\"7873\">Two <strong data-start=\"7799\" data-end=\"7810\">haploid<\/strong> daughter cells form (each still has duplicated chromosomes).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7875\" data-end=\"7987\">\n<p data-start=\"7878\" data-end=\"7896\"><strong data-start=\"7878\" data-end=\"7894\">Prophase II:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7900\" data-end=\"7987\">\n<li data-start=\"7900\" data-end=\"7930\">\n<p data-start=\"7902\" data-end=\"7930\">No DNA replication occurs.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7934\" data-end=\"7987\">\n<p data-start=\"7936\" data-end=\"7987\">New spindle apparatus forms in each haploid cell.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7989\" data-end=\"8073\">\n<p data-start=\"7992\" data-end=\"8011\"><strong data-start=\"7992\" data-end=\"8009\">Metaphase II:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"8015\" data-end=\"8073\">\n<li data-start=\"8015\" data-end=\"8073\">\n<p data-start=\"8017\" data-end=\"8073\">Chromosomes align individually along the cell midline.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8075\" data-end=\"8158\">\n<p data-start=\"8078\" data-end=\"8096\"><strong data-start=\"8078\" data-end=\"8094\">Anaphase II:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"8100\" data-end=\"8158\">\n<li data-start=\"8100\" data-end=\"8158\">\n<p data-start=\"8102\" data-end=\"8158\">Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8160\" data-end=\"8199\">\n<p data-start=\"8164\" data-end=\"8199\"><strong data-start=\"8164\" data-end=\"8197\">Telophase II and Cytokinesis:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul data-start=\"8203\" data-end=\"8300\">\n<li data-start=\"8203\" data-end=\"8256\">\n<p data-start=\"8205\" data-end=\"8256\">Nuclear membranes reform; chromosomes decondense.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8260\" data-end=\"8300\">\n<p data-start=\"8262\" data-end=\"8300\"><strong data-start=\"8262\" data-end=\"8286\">Four haploid gametes<\/strong> are produced.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"8302\" data-end=\"8305\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"8307\" data-end=\"8330\"><strong data-start=\"8310\" data-end=\"8330\">Review Questions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol data-start=\"8332\" data-end=\"8673\">\n<li data-start=\"8332\" data-end=\"8408\">\n<p data-start=\"8335\" data-end=\"8408\">Explain how <strong data-start=\"8347\" data-end=\"8358\">mitosis<\/strong> differs between <strong data-start=\"8375\" data-end=\"8384\">plant<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"8389\" data-end=\"8399\">animal<\/strong> cells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8409\" data-end=\"8495\">\n<p data-start=\"8412\" data-end=\"8495\">Compare and contrast <strong data-start=\"8433\" data-end=\"8444\">mitosis<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"8449\" data-end=\"8460\">meiosis<\/strong> in terms of purpose and outcome.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8496\" data-end=\"8565\">\n<p data-start=\"8499\" data-end=\"8565\">Why is it biologically important to produce <strong data-start=\"8543\" data-end=\"8562\">haploid gametes<\/strong>?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8566\" data-end=\"8673\">\n<p data-start=\"8569\" data-end=\"8673\">Compare and contrast <strong data-start=\"8590\" data-end=\"8603\">Meiosis I<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"8608\" data-end=\"8622\">Meiosis II<\/strong> with respect to chromosome behavior and outcome.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-3 w-full empty:hidden\">\n<div class=\"text-center\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<div class=\"pointer-events-none h-px w-px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-edge=\"true\"><\/div>\n<h2><strong>Licenses and Attribution<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong>CC Licensed Content, Original:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">This educational material includes AI-generated content from ChatGPT by OpenAI. The original content created by Dr. Zeinab Motawe\u00a0from Hillsborough College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/deed.en\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">All images in this textbook generated with DALL-E are licensed under the terms provided by OpenAI, allowing for their free use, modification, and distribution with appropriate attribution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Other Licensed Content Included:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Adapted with permission from BioScience I Laboratory Manual by Jamie Colson-Moon and Denise Bristol. 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