{"id":263,"date":"2025-11-05T20:30:44","date_gmt":"2025-11-05T20:30:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=263"},"modified":"2025-12-03T16:54:14","modified_gmt":"2025-12-03T16:54:14","slug":"lab-11-mendelian-genetics","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/chapter\/lab-11-mendelian-genetics\/","title":{"raw":"Lab 11: Mendelian Genetics","rendered":"Lab 11: Mendelian Genetics"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"relative basis-auto flex-col -mb-(--composer-overlap-px) [--composer-overlap-px:28px] grow flex overflow-hidden\">\r\n<div class=\"relative h-full\">\r\n<div class=\"flex h-full flex-col overflow-y-auto thread-xl:pt-(--header-height) [scrollbar-gutter:stable_both-edges]\">\r\n<div class=\"flex flex-col text-sm thread-xl:pt-header-height pb-25\"><article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none [--shadow-height:45px] has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-690b690c-c228-8326-b4fd-df8d85491f9b-7\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-30\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\r\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] thread-sm:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] thread-lg:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\r\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] thread-lg:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\">\r\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\r\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"f0aee2b2-ab17-497c-8a68-2b9c3d7eb090\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-instant\">\r\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[1px]\">\r\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\r\n<h1 data-start=\"418\" data-end=\"457\"><strong data-start=\"420\" data-end=\"457\">Laboratory 11: Mendelian Genetics<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"459\" data-end=\"462\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"481\"><strong data-start=\"467\" data-end=\"481\">Objectives<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"532\">After completing this lab, you should be able to:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"534\" data-end=\"873\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"534\" data-end=\"609\">\r\n<p data-start=\"536\" data-end=\"609\">Discuss the differences between <strong data-start=\"568\" data-end=\"578\">traits<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"580\" data-end=\"589\">genes<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"606\">alleles<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"610\" data-end=\"681\">\r\n<p data-start=\"612\" data-end=\"681\">Distinguish between <strong data-start=\"632\" data-end=\"646\">homozygous<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"651\" data-end=\"667\">heterozygous<\/strong> conditions.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"682\" data-end=\"731\">\r\n<p data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"731\">Construct and interpret a <strong data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"728\">Punnett square<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"732\" data-end=\"784\">\r\n<p data-start=\"734\" data-end=\"784\">Perform <strong data-start=\"742\" data-end=\"756\">monohybrid<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"761\" data-end=\"773\">dihybrid<\/strong> crosses.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"785\" data-end=\"873\">\r\n<p data-start=\"787\" data-end=\"873\">Understand and perform <strong data-start=\"810\" data-end=\"820\">linked<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"822\" data-end=\"836\">sex-linked<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"842\" data-end=\"862\">multiple allelic<\/strong> crosses.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"875\" data-end=\"878\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"880\" data-end=\"896\"><strong data-start=\"883\" data-end=\"896\">Key Terms<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"2132\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"927\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"927\">\r\n<th data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"909\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"900\" data-end=\"908\">Term<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"909\" data-end=\"927\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"911\" data-end=\"925\">Definition<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"2132\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"1039\">\r\n<td data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"972\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"961\" data-end=\"971\">Allele<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"972\" data-end=\"1039\">Different forms of a gene that determine variations in a trait.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1040\" data-end=\"1108\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1040\" data-end=\"1055\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1042\" data-end=\"1054\">Dihybrid<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1055\" data-end=\"1108\">Cross involving two genes, each with two alleles.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1109\" data-end=\"1179\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1109\" data-end=\"1124\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1111\" data-end=\"1123\">Dominant<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1124\" data-end=\"1179\">Allele that masks the expression of another allele.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1180\" data-end=\"1242\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1180\" data-end=\"1191\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1182\" data-end=\"1190\">Gene<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1191\" data-end=\"1242\">Segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1243\" data-end=\"1308\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1243\" data-end=\"1258\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1245\" data-end=\"1257\">Genotype<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1258\" data-end=\"1308\">Genetic composition of an organism (e.g., Bb).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1309\" data-end=\"1391\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1309\" data-end=\"1328\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1311\" data-end=\"1327\">Heterozygote<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1328\" data-end=\"1391\">Organism with two different alleles for a trait (e.g., Bb).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1392\" data-end=\"1478\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1392\" data-end=\"1409\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1394\" data-end=\"1408\">Homozygote<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-start=\"1409\" data-end=\"1478\" data-col-size=\"md\">Organism with two identical alleles for a trait (e.g., BB or bb).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1479\" data-end=\"1589\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1479\" data-end=\"1498\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1481\" data-end=\"1497\">Linked Genes<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1498\" data-end=\"1589\">Genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1590\" data-end=\"1653\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1590\" data-end=\"1607\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1592\" data-end=\"1606\">Monohybrid<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1607\" data-end=\"1653\">Cross involving one gene with two alleles.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1654\" data-end=\"1718\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1654\" data-end=\"1670\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1656\" data-end=\"1669\">Phenotype<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1670\" data-end=\"1718\">Observable physical or physiological traits.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1719\" data-end=\"1796\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1719\" data-end=\"1740\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1721\" data-end=\"1739\">Punnett Square<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1740\" data-end=\"1796\">Diagram used to predict genetic outcomes of a cross.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1797\" data-end=\"1876\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1797\" data-end=\"1813\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1799\" data-end=\"1812\">Recessive<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1813\" data-end=\"1876\">Allele that is masked in the presence of a dominant allele.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1877\" data-end=\"1960\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1877\" data-end=\"1895\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1879\" data-end=\"1894\">Sex-linkage<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1895\" data-end=\"1960\">Inheritance pattern involving genes on the X or Y chromosome.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"1961\" data-end=\"2069\">\r\n<td data-start=\"1961\" data-end=\"1977\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1963\" data-end=\"1976\">Testcross<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1977\" data-end=\"2069\">Cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and one that is homozygous recessive.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"2070\" data-end=\"2132\">\r\n<td data-start=\"2070\" data-end=\"2082\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2072\" data-end=\"2081\">Trait<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2082\" data-end=\"2132\">Observable characteristic determined by genes.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"2134\" data-end=\"2137\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"2139\" data-end=\"2158\"><strong data-start=\"2142\" data-end=\"2158\">Introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"2160\" data-end=\"2338\"><strong data-start=\"2160\" data-end=\"2172\">Genetics<\/strong> is the study of how traits are inherited through genes. Each trait is determined by one or more <strong data-start=\"2269\" data-end=\"2278\">genes<\/strong>, which can exist in alternative forms called <strong data-start=\"2324\" data-end=\"2335\">alleles<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"2340\" data-end=\"2624\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2340\" data-end=\"2406\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2342\" data-end=\"2406\"><strong data-start=\"2342\" data-end=\"2362\">Dominant alleles<\/strong> mask the expression of recessive alleles.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2407\" data-end=\"2503\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2409\" data-end=\"2503\"><strong data-start=\"2409\" data-end=\"2430\">Recessive alleles<\/strong> are only expressed when an organism is <strong data-start=\"2470\" data-end=\"2484\">homozygous<\/strong> for that allele.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2504\" data-end=\"2624\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2506\" data-end=\"2624\">The <strong data-start=\"2510\" data-end=\"2522\">genotype<\/strong> represents the genetic makeup, while the <strong data-start=\"2564\" data-end=\"2577\">phenotype<\/strong> is the physical expression of that genotype.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"2626\" data-end=\"2640\">For example:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"2641\" data-end=\"2769\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2641\" data-end=\"2686\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2643\" data-end=\"2686\"><strong data-start=\"2643\" data-end=\"2649\">BB<\/strong> = brown eyes (homozygous dominant)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2687\" data-end=\"2725\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2689\" data-end=\"2725\"><strong data-start=\"2689\" data-end=\"2695\">Bb<\/strong> = brown eyes (heterozygous)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2726\" data-end=\"2769\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2728\" data-end=\"2769\"><strong data-start=\"2728\" data-end=\"2734\">bb<\/strong> = blue eyes (homozygous recessive)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"2771\" data-end=\"2896\">To predict genetic outcomes, biologists use a <strong data-start=\"2817\" data-end=\"2835\">Punnett square<\/strong>, which models how alleles from parents combine in offspring.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"2898\" data-end=\"2901\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"2903\" data-end=\"2928\"><strong data-start=\"2906\" data-end=\"2928\">Traits and Alleles<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"2930\" data-end=\"2968\">When geneticists write about traits:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"2969\" data-end=\"3130\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2969\" data-end=\"3047\">\r\n<p data-start=\"2971\" data-end=\"3047\"><strong data-start=\"2971\" data-end=\"2990\">Capital letters<\/strong> represent dominant alleles (e.g., <strong data-start=\"3025\" data-end=\"3030\">F<\/strong> for freckles).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"3048\" data-end=\"3130\">\r\n<p data-start=\"3050\" data-end=\"3130\"><strong data-start=\"3050\" data-end=\"3071\">Lowercase letters<\/strong> represent recessive alleles (e.g., <strong data-start=\"3107\" data-end=\"3112\">f<\/strong> for no freckles).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"3132\" data-end=\"3196\">Each person has two alleles for each trait\u2014one from each parent.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"3198\" data-end=\"3201\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"3203\" data-end=\"3226\"><strong data-start=\"3206\" data-end=\"3226\">Pre-Lab Activity<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"3228\" data-end=\"3458\">Before attending lab, collect phenotypic data from yourself and <strong data-start=\"3292\" data-end=\"3315\">two blood relatives<\/strong> (parents or siblings). Record this data in <strong data-start=\"3359\" data-end=\"3370\">Table 1<\/strong>. You will use these traits in lab to determine genotypes and complete genetic analyses.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"3460\" data-end=\"3463\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"3465\" data-end=\"3537\"><strong data-start=\"3469\" data-end=\"3537\">Table 1. Phenotypes and Genotypes for Student and Family Members<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"3539\" data-end=\"4139\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"3539\" data-end=\"3699\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"3539\" data-end=\"3699\">\r\n<th data-start=\"3539\" data-end=\"3551\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3541\" data-end=\"3550\">Trait<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"3551\" data-end=\"3572\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3553\" data-end=\"3571\">Your Phenotype<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"3572\" data-end=\"3592\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3574\" data-end=\"3591\">Your Genotype<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"3592\" data-end=\"3619\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3594\" data-end=\"3618\">Relative 1 Phenotype<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"3619\" data-end=\"3645\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3621\" data-end=\"3644\">Relative 1 Genotype<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"3645\" data-end=\"3672\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3647\" data-end=\"3671\">Relative 2 Phenotype<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"3672\" data-end=\"3699\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3674\" data-end=\"3697\">Relative 2 Genotype<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"3869\" data-end=\"4139\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"3869\" data-end=\"3898\">\r\n<td data-start=\"3869\" data-end=\"3885\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Tongue Roller<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3885\" data-end=\"3887\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3887\" data-end=\"3889\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3889\" data-end=\"3891\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3891\" data-end=\"3893\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3893\" data-end=\"3895\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3895\" data-end=\"3898\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"3899\" data-end=\"3928\">\r\n<td data-start=\"3899\" data-end=\"3915\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Crooked Pinky<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3915\" data-end=\"3917\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3917\" data-end=\"3919\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3919\" data-end=\"3921\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3921\" data-end=\"3923\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3923\" data-end=\"3925\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3925\" data-end=\"3928\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"3929\" data-end=\"3963\">\r\n<td data-start=\"3929\" data-end=\"3950\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Hitchhiker\u2019s Thumb<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3950\" data-end=\"3952\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3952\" data-end=\"3954\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3954\" data-end=\"3956\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3956\" data-end=\"3958\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3958\" data-end=\"3960\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3960\" data-end=\"3963\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"3964\" data-end=\"3992\">\r\n<td data-start=\"3964\" data-end=\"3979\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Widow\u2019s Peak<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3979\" data-end=\"3981\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3981\" data-end=\"3983\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3983\" data-end=\"3985\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3985\" data-end=\"3987\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3987\" data-end=\"3989\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3989\" data-end=\"3992\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"3993\" data-end=\"4016\">\r\n<td data-start=\"3993\" data-end=\"4003\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Dimples<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4003\" data-end=\"4005\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4005\" data-end=\"4007\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4007\" data-end=\"4009\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4009\" data-end=\"4011\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4011\" data-end=\"4013\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4013\" data-end=\"4016\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"4017\" data-end=\"4053\">\r\n<td data-start=\"4017\" data-end=\"4040\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Interlocking Fingers<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4040\" data-end=\"4042\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4042\" data-end=\"4044\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4044\" data-end=\"4046\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4046\" data-end=\"4048\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4048\" data-end=\"4050\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4050\" data-end=\"4053\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"4054\" data-end=\"4094\">\r\n<td data-start=\"4054\" data-end=\"4081\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Blood Type (A, B, AB, O)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4081\" data-end=\"4083\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4083\" data-end=\"4085\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4085\" data-end=\"4087\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4087\" data-end=\"4089\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4089\" data-end=\"4091\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4091\" data-end=\"4094\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"4095\" data-end=\"4139\">\r\n<td data-start=\"4095\" data-end=\"4124\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Colorblindness (Red\u2013Green)<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4124\" data-end=\"4126\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4126\" data-end=\"4128\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4128\" data-end=\"4130\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4130\" data-end=\"4132\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4132\" data-end=\"4134\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4134\" data-end=\"4139\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"4141\" data-end=\"4144\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"4146\" data-end=\"4174\"><strong data-start=\"4149\" data-end=\"4174\">Determining Genotypes<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"4176\" data-end=\"4251\">Use the phenotypes from Table 1 to deduce possible genotypes.<br data-start=\"4237\" data-end=\"4240\" \/>Remember:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"4252\" data-end=\"4507\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4252\" data-end=\"4325\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4254\" data-end=\"4325\">Recessive phenotypes always mean <strong data-start=\"4287\" data-end=\"4311\">homozygous recessive<\/strong> (e.g., rr).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4326\" data-end=\"4413\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4328\" data-end=\"4413\">Dominant phenotypes could be <strong data-start=\"4357\" data-end=\"4385\">homozygous dominant (RR)<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"4389\" data-end=\"4410\">heterozygous (Rr)<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"4414\" data-end=\"4507\">\r\n<p data-start=\"4416\" data-end=\"4507\">If only one parent shows the recessive trait, their child\u2019s genotype can often be inferred.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"4509\" data-end=\"4512\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"4514\" data-end=\"4540\"><strong data-start=\"4517\" data-end=\"4540\">Laboratory Activity<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"4542\" data-end=\"4716\">You will use <strong data-start=\"4555\" data-end=\"4574\">Punnett squares<\/strong> to predict expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios, then compare these to <strong data-start=\"4650\" data-end=\"4669\">observed ratios<\/strong> using corn kernels as a model for inheritance.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"4718\" data-end=\"4721\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"4723\" data-end=\"4747\"><strong data-start=\"4727\" data-end=\"4747\">Monohybrid Cross<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"4749\" data-end=\"4800\"><strong data-start=\"4749\" data-end=\"4772\">P generation cross:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4772\" data-end=\"4775\" \/>PP (purple) \u00d7 pp (yellow)<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"4802\" data-end=\"4842\"><strong data-start=\"4802\" data-end=\"4823\">Gametes produced:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4823\" data-end=\"4826\" \/>PP \u2192 P\u2003\u2003pp \u2192 p<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"4844\" data-end=\"4892\"><strong data-start=\"4844\" data-end=\"4862\">F\u2081 Generation:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4862\" data-end=\"4865\" \/>All offspring = Pp (purple)<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"4894\" data-end=\"4930\"><strong data-start=\"4894\" data-end=\"4918\">F\u2081 generation cross:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4918\" data-end=\"4921\" \/>Pp \u00d7 Pp<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"4932\" data-end=\"4976\"><strong data-start=\"4932\" data-end=\"4953\">Gametes produced:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4953\" data-end=\"4956\" \/>P \u2192\u2003\u2003p \u2192\u2003\u2003P \u2192\u2003\u2003p \u2192<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"4978\" data-end=\"5048\"><strong data-start=\"4978\" data-end=\"4997\">Punnett Square:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4997\" data-end=\"5000\" \/>Predict and record expected offspring genotypes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"5050\" data-end=\"5053\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h4 data-start=\"5055\" data-end=\"5161\"><strong data-start=\"5060\" data-end=\"5161\">Table 2. Expected and Observed Results for F\u2082 Generation (Monohybrid Cross: Purple \u00d7 Yellow Corn)<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"5163\" data-end=\"5615\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"5163\" data-end=\"5363\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"5163\" data-end=\"5363\">\r\n<th data-start=\"5163\" data-end=\"5179\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5165\" data-end=\"5178\">Phenotype<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5179\" data-end=\"5201\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5181\" data-end=\"5199\">Expected Ratio<\/strong>*<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5201\" data-end=\"5224\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5203\" data-end=\"5223\">Expected Numbers<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5224\" data-end=\"5258\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5226\" data-end=\"5257\">Observed Ratio (Single Row)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5258\" data-end=\"5294\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5260\" data-end=\"5293\">Observed Numbers (Single Row)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5294\" data-end=\"5327\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5296\" data-end=\"5326\">Observed Ratio (Whole Ear)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"5327\" data-end=\"5363\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5329\" data-end=\"5361\">Observed Numbers (Whole Ear)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"5570\" data-end=\"5615\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"5570\" data-end=\"5592\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5570\" data-end=\"5579\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Purple<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5579\" data-end=\"5581\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5581\" data-end=\"5583\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5583\" data-end=\"5585\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5585\" data-end=\"5587\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5587\" data-end=\"5589\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5589\" data-end=\"5592\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"5593\" data-end=\"5615\">\r\n<td data-start=\"5593\" data-end=\"5602\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yellow<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5602\" data-end=\"5604\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5604\" data-end=\"5606\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5606\" data-end=\"5608\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5608\" data-end=\"5610\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5610\" data-end=\"5612\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5612\" data-end=\"5615\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p data-start=\"5617\" data-end=\"5786\">*The expected ratio is derived from your Punnett square.<br data-start=\"5674\" data-end=\"5677\" \/>**Expected numbers are based on total kernels counted \u00f7 4, multiplied by the appropriate ratio (e.g., 3:1).<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"5788\" data-end=\"5889\"><strong data-start=\"5788\" data-end=\"5801\">Question:<\/strong><br data-start=\"5801\" data-end=\"5804\" \/>Which count was closer to the expected values\u2014row or ear? ___________________________<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"5891\" data-end=\"5894\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"5896\" data-end=\"5918\"><strong data-start=\"5900\" data-end=\"5918\">Dihybrid Cross<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"5920\" data-end=\"5991\"><strong data-start=\"5920\" data-end=\"5943\">P generation cross:<\/strong><br data-start=\"5943\" data-end=\"5946\" \/>PPSS (purple, starchy) \u00d7 ppss (yellow, sweet)<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"5993\" data-end=\"6039\"><strong data-start=\"5993\" data-end=\"6014\">Gametes produced:<\/strong><br data-start=\"6014\" data-end=\"6017\" \/>PPSS \u2192 PS\u2003\u2003ppss \u2192 ps<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"6041\" data-end=\"6100\"><strong data-start=\"6041\" data-end=\"6059\">F\u2081 Generation:<\/strong><br data-start=\"6059\" data-end=\"6062\" \/>All offspring = PpSs (purple, starchy)<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"6102\" data-end=\"6142\"><strong data-start=\"6102\" data-end=\"6126\">F\u2081 generation cross:<\/strong><br data-start=\"6126\" data-end=\"6129\" \/>PpSs \u00d7 PpSs<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"6144\" data-end=\"6181\"><strong data-start=\"6144\" data-end=\"6165\">Gametes produced:<\/strong><br data-start=\"6165\" data-end=\"6168\" \/>PS\u2003Ps\u2003pS\u2003ps<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"6183\" data-end=\"6277\"><strong data-start=\"6183\" data-end=\"6202\">Punnett Square:<\/strong><br data-start=\"6202\" data-end=\"6205\" \/>Complete and use it to predict expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"6279\" data-end=\"6282\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h4 data-start=\"6284\" data-end=\"6402\"><strong data-start=\"6289\" data-end=\"6402\">Table 3. Expected and Observed Results for F\u2082 Generation (Dihybrid Cross: Purple\/Starchy \u00d7 Yellow\/Sweet Corn)<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\r\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\r\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"6404\" data-end=\"6930\">\r\n<thead data-start=\"6404\" data-end=\"6604\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"6404\" data-end=\"6604\">\r\n<th data-start=\"6404\" data-end=\"6420\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6406\" data-end=\"6419\">Phenotype<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6420\" data-end=\"6442\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6422\" data-end=\"6440\">Expected Ratio<\/strong>*<\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6442\" data-end=\"6465\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6444\" data-end=\"6464\">Expected Numbers<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6465\" data-end=\"6499\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6467\" data-end=\"6498\">Observed Ratio (Single Row)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6499\" data-end=\"6535\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6501\" data-end=\"6534\">Observed Numbers (Single Row)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6535\" data-end=\"6568\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6537\" data-end=\"6567\">Observed Ratio (Whole Ear)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th data-start=\"6568\" data-end=\"6604\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6570\" data-end=\"6602\">Observed Numbers (Whole Ear)<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody data-start=\"6811\" data-end=\"6930\">\r\n<tr data-start=\"6811\" data-end=\"6841\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6811\" data-end=\"6828\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Purple\/Starchy<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6828\" data-end=\"6830\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6830\" data-end=\"6832\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6832\" data-end=\"6834\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6834\" data-end=\"6836\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6836\" data-end=\"6838\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6838\" data-end=\"6841\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6842\" data-end=\"6870\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6842\" data-end=\"6857\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Purple\/Sweet<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6857\" data-end=\"6859\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6859\" data-end=\"6861\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6861\" data-end=\"6863\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6863\" data-end=\"6865\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6865\" data-end=\"6867\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6867\" data-end=\"6870\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6871\" data-end=\"6901\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6871\" data-end=\"6888\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yellow\/Starchy<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6888\" data-end=\"6890\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6890\" data-end=\"6892\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6892\" data-end=\"6894\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6894\" data-end=\"6896\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6896\" data-end=\"6898\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6898\" data-end=\"6901\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr data-start=\"6902\" data-end=\"6930\">\r\n<td data-start=\"6902\" data-end=\"6917\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yellow\/Sweet<\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6917\" data-end=\"6919\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6919\" data-end=\"6921\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6921\" data-end=\"6923\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6923\" data-end=\"6925\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6925\" data-end=\"6927\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6927\" data-end=\"6930\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p data-start=\"6932\" data-end=\"7033\"><strong data-start=\"6932\" data-end=\"6945\">Question:<\/strong><br data-start=\"6945\" data-end=\"6948\" \/>Which count was closer to the expected values\u2014row or ear? ___________________________<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr data-start=\"7035\" data-end=\"7038\" \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-start=\"7040\" data-end=\"7073\"><strong data-start=\"7043\" data-end=\"7073\">Genetics Practice Problems<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"7075\" data-end=\"7149\">Answer the following on your exercise sheet or in your digital submission.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol data-start=\"7151\" data-end=\"8877\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7151\" data-end=\"7249\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7154\" data-end=\"7249\"><strong data-start=\"7154\" data-end=\"7175\">Write the gametes<\/strong> formed from each genotype:<br data-start=\"7202\" data-end=\"7205\" \/>a. AA\u2003\u2003b. Aa\u2003\u2003c. AAbb\u2003\u2003d. AABb\u2003\u2003e. AaBb<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7251\" data-end=\"7394\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7254\" data-end=\"7394\"><strong data-start=\"7254\" data-end=\"7282\">Complete Punnett squares<\/strong> and provide expected <strong data-start=\"7304\" data-end=\"7317\">genotypic<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"7322\" data-end=\"7336\">phenotypic<\/strong> ratios:<br data-start=\"7344\" data-end=\"7347\" \/>a. WW \u00d7 ww<br data-start=\"7360\" data-end=\"7363\" \/>b. Dd \u00d7 Dd<br data-start=\"7376\" data-end=\"7379\" \/>c. Hh \u00d7 hh<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7396\" data-end=\"7714\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7399\" data-end=\"7426\"><strong data-start=\"7399\" data-end=\"7424\">Guinea Pig Fur Color:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"7430\" data-end=\"7714\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7430\" data-end=\"7714\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7432\" data-end=\"7714\">Black (B) is dominant over white (b).<br data-start=\"7469\" data-end=\"7472\" \/>Determine phenotypic and genotypic ratios for F\u2081 generation in:<br data-start=\"7538\" data-end=\"7541\" \/>a. Homozygous dominant \u00d7 heterozygous<br data-start=\"7581\" data-end=\"7584\" \/>b. Homozygous recessive \u00d7 heterozygous<br data-start=\"7625\" data-end=\"7628\" \/>c. Homozygous dominant \u00d7 homozygous recessive<br data-start=\"7676\" data-end=\"7679\" \/>d. Heterozygous \u00d7 heterozygous<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7716\" data-end=\"7962\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7719\" data-end=\"7792\"><strong data-start=\"7719\" data-end=\"7747\">White Forelock (Humans):<\/strong><br data-start=\"7747\" data-end=\"7750\" \/>The white forelock trait is dominant.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"7796\" data-end=\"7962\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7796\" data-end=\"7888\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7798\" data-end=\"7888\">A woman with a white forelock (whose father did not have one) marries a man without one.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"7892\" data-end=\"7962\">\r\n<p data-start=\"7894\" data-end=\"7962\">What is the probability that their child will have a white forelock?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9204\" data-end=\"9327\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9207\" data-end=\"9250\"><strong data-start=\"9207\" data-end=\"9248\">Cheek Dimples (D) and Cleft Chin (C):<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"9254\" data-end=\"9327\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9254\" data-end=\"9276\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9256\" data-end=\"9276\">Cross: DDCC \u00d7 ddcc<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9280\" data-end=\"9327\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9282\" data-end=\"9327\">Determine F\u2082 genotypic and phenotypic ratios.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"9329\" data-end=\"9502\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9333\" data-end=\"9502\"><strong data-start=\"9333\" data-end=\"9353\">Complex Crosses:<\/strong><br data-start=\"9353\" data-end=\"9356\" \/>Using Table 1 traits, determine expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios for:<br data-start=\"9437\" data-end=\"9440\" \/>a. RRtt \u00d7 rrTT<br data-start=\"9458\" data-end=\"9461\" \/>b. RrTT \u00d7 rrTt<br data-start=\"9479\" data-end=\"9482\" \/>c. RrTt \u00d7 RrTt<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<blockquote data-start=\"9870\" data-end=\"10272\">\r\n<p data-start=\"9872\" data-end=\"10272\"><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/article><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><strong>Licenses and Attribution<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<h3><strong>CC Licensed Content, Original:<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\r\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\r\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">This educational material includes AI-generated content from ChatGPT by OpenAI. The original content created by Dr. Zeinab Motawe\u00a0from Hillsborough College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/deed.en\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\r\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">All images in this textbook generated with DALL-E are licensed under the terms provided by OpenAI, allowing for their free use, modification, and distribution with appropriate attribution.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>Other Licensed Content Included:<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Adapted with permission from BioScience I Laboratory Manual by Jamie Colson-Moon and Denise Bristol. Per request from these original authors, this content is now licensed (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA<\/a>).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<div class=\"relative basis-auto flex-col -mb-(--composer-overlap-px) [--composer-overlap-px:28px] grow flex overflow-hidden\">\n<div class=\"relative h-full\">\n<div class=\"flex h-full flex-col overflow-y-auto thread-xl:pt-(--header-height) [scrollbar-gutter:stable_both-edges]\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-col text-sm thread-xl:pt-header-height pb-25\">\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none [--shadow-height:45px] has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-690b690c-c228-8326-b4fd-df8d85491f9b-7\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-30\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] thread-sm:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] thread-lg:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] thread-lg:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"f0aee2b2-ab17-497c-8a68-2b9c3d7eb090\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-instant\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[1px]\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light markdown-new-styling\">\n<h1 data-start=\"418\" data-end=\"457\"><strong data-start=\"420\" data-end=\"457\">Laboratory 11: Mendelian Genetics<\/strong><\/h1>\n<hr data-start=\"459\" data-end=\"462\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"481\"><strong data-start=\"467\" data-end=\"481\">Objectives<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"532\">After completing this lab, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"534\" data-end=\"873\">\n<li data-start=\"534\" data-end=\"609\">\n<p data-start=\"536\" data-end=\"609\">Discuss the differences between <strong data-start=\"568\" data-end=\"578\">traits<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"580\" data-end=\"589\">genes<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"606\">alleles<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"610\" data-end=\"681\">\n<p data-start=\"612\" data-end=\"681\">Distinguish between <strong data-start=\"632\" data-end=\"646\">homozygous<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"651\" data-end=\"667\">heterozygous<\/strong> conditions.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"682\" data-end=\"731\">\n<p data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"731\">Construct and interpret a <strong data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"728\">Punnett square<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"732\" data-end=\"784\">\n<p data-start=\"734\" data-end=\"784\">Perform <strong data-start=\"742\" data-end=\"756\">monohybrid<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"761\" data-end=\"773\">dihybrid<\/strong> crosses.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"785\" data-end=\"873\">\n<p data-start=\"787\" data-end=\"873\">Understand and perform <strong data-start=\"810\" data-end=\"820\">linked<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"822\" data-end=\"836\">sex-linked<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"842\" data-end=\"862\">multiple allelic<\/strong> crosses.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"875\" data-end=\"878\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"880\" data-end=\"896\"><strong data-start=\"883\" data-end=\"896\">Key Terms<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"2132\">\n<thead data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"927\">\n<tr data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"927\">\n<th data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"909\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"900\" data-end=\"908\">Term<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"909\" data-end=\"927\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"911\" data-end=\"925\">Definition<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"2132\">\n<tr data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"1039\">\n<td data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"972\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"961\" data-end=\"971\">Allele<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"972\" data-end=\"1039\">Different forms of a gene that determine variations in a trait.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1040\" data-end=\"1108\">\n<td data-start=\"1040\" data-end=\"1055\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1042\" data-end=\"1054\">Dihybrid<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1055\" data-end=\"1108\">Cross involving two genes, each with two alleles.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1109\" data-end=\"1179\">\n<td data-start=\"1109\" data-end=\"1124\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1111\" data-end=\"1123\">Dominant<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1124\" data-end=\"1179\">Allele that masks the expression of another allele.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1180\" data-end=\"1242\">\n<td data-start=\"1180\" data-end=\"1191\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1182\" data-end=\"1190\">Gene<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1191\" data-end=\"1242\">Segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1243\" data-end=\"1308\">\n<td data-start=\"1243\" data-end=\"1258\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1245\" data-end=\"1257\">Genotype<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1258\" data-end=\"1308\">Genetic composition of an organism (e.g., Bb).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1309\" data-end=\"1391\">\n<td data-start=\"1309\" data-end=\"1328\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1311\" data-end=\"1327\">Heterozygote<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1328\" data-end=\"1391\">Organism with two different alleles for a trait (e.g., Bb).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1392\" data-end=\"1478\">\n<td data-start=\"1392\" data-end=\"1409\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1394\" data-end=\"1408\">Homozygote<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"1409\" data-end=\"1478\" data-col-size=\"md\">Organism with two identical alleles for a trait (e.g., BB or bb).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1479\" data-end=\"1589\">\n<td data-start=\"1479\" data-end=\"1498\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1481\" data-end=\"1497\">Linked Genes<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1498\" data-end=\"1589\">Genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1590\" data-end=\"1653\">\n<td data-start=\"1590\" data-end=\"1607\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1592\" data-end=\"1606\">Monohybrid<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1607\" data-end=\"1653\">Cross involving one gene with two alleles.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1654\" data-end=\"1718\">\n<td data-start=\"1654\" data-end=\"1670\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1656\" data-end=\"1669\">Phenotype<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1670\" data-end=\"1718\">Observable physical or physiological traits.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1719\" data-end=\"1796\">\n<td data-start=\"1719\" data-end=\"1740\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1721\" data-end=\"1739\">Punnett Square<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1740\" data-end=\"1796\">Diagram used to predict genetic outcomes of a cross.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1797\" data-end=\"1876\">\n<td data-start=\"1797\" data-end=\"1813\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1799\" data-end=\"1812\">Recessive<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1813\" data-end=\"1876\">Allele that is masked in the presence of a dominant allele.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1877\" data-end=\"1960\">\n<td data-start=\"1877\" data-end=\"1895\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1879\" data-end=\"1894\">Sex-linkage<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1895\" data-end=\"1960\">Inheritance pattern involving genes on the X or Y chromosome.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1961\" data-end=\"2069\">\n<td data-start=\"1961\" data-end=\"1977\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1963\" data-end=\"1976\">Testcross<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1977\" data-end=\"2069\">Cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and one that is homozygous recessive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2070\" data-end=\"2132\">\n<td data-start=\"2070\" data-end=\"2082\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2072\" data-end=\"2081\">Trait<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2082\" data-end=\"2132\">Observable characteristic determined by genes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"2134\" data-end=\"2137\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"2139\" data-end=\"2158\"><strong data-start=\"2142\" data-end=\"2158\">Introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2160\" data-end=\"2338\"><strong data-start=\"2160\" data-end=\"2172\">Genetics<\/strong> is the study of how traits are inherited through genes. Each trait is determined by one or more <strong data-start=\"2269\" data-end=\"2278\">genes<\/strong>, which can exist in alternative forms called <strong data-start=\"2324\" data-end=\"2335\">alleles<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2340\" data-end=\"2624\">\n<li data-start=\"2340\" data-end=\"2406\">\n<p data-start=\"2342\" data-end=\"2406\"><strong data-start=\"2342\" data-end=\"2362\">Dominant alleles<\/strong> mask the expression of recessive alleles.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2407\" data-end=\"2503\">\n<p data-start=\"2409\" data-end=\"2503\"><strong data-start=\"2409\" data-end=\"2430\">Recessive alleles<\/strong> are only expressed when an organism is <strong data-start=\"2470\" data-end=\"2484\">homozygous<\/strong> for that allele.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2504\" data-end=\"2624\">\n<p data-start=\"2506\" data-end=\"2624\">The <strong data-start=\"2510\" data-end=\"2522\">genotype<\/strong> represents the genetic makeup, while the <strong data-start=\"2564\" data-end=\"2577\">phenotype<\/strong> is the physical expression of that genotype.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2626\" data-end=\"2640\">For example:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2641\" data-end=\"2769\">\n<li data-start=\"2641\" data-end=\"2686\">\n<p data-start=\"2643\" data-end=\"2686\"><strong data-start=\"2643\" data-end=\"2649\">BB<\/strong> = brown eyes (homozygous dominant)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2687\" data-end=\"2725\">\n<p data-start=\"2689\" data-end=\"2725\"><strong data-start=\"2689\" data-end=\"2695\">Bb<\/strong> = brown eyes (heterozygous)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2726\" data-end=\"2769\">\n<p data-start=\"2728\" data-end=\"2769\"><strong data-start=\"2728\" data-end=\"2734\">bb<\/strong> = blue eyes (homozygous recessive)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2771\" data-end=\"2896\">To predict genetic outcomes, biologists use a <strong data-start=\"2817\" data-end=\"2835\">Punnett square<\/strong>, which models how alleles from parents combine in offspring.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2898\" data-end=\"2901\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"2903\" data-end=\"2928\"><strong data-start=\"2906\" data-end=\"2928\">Traits and Alleles<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2930\" data-end=\"2968\">When geneticists write about traits:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2969\" data-end=\"3130\">\n<li data-start=\"2969\" data-end=\"3047\">\n<p data-start=\"2971\" data-end=\"3047\"><strong data-start=\"2971\" data-end=\"2990\">Capital letters<\/strong> represent dominant alleles (e.g., <strong data-start=\"3025\" data-end=\"3030\">F<\/strong> for freckles).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3048\" data-end=\"3130\">\n<p data-start=\"3050\" data-end=\"3130\"><strong data-start=\"3050\" data-end=\"3071\">Lowercase letters<\/strong> represent recessive alleles (e.g., <strong data-start=\"3107\" data-end=\"3112\">f<\/strong> for no freckles).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3132\" data-end=\"3196\">Each person has two alleles for each trait\u2014one from each parent.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3198\" data-end=\"3201\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"3203\" data-end=\"3226\"><strong data-start=\"3206\" data-end=\"3226\">Pre-Lab Activity<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3228\" data-end=\"3458\">Before attending lab, collect phenotypic data from yourself and <strong data-start=\"3292\" data-end=\"3315\">two blood relatives<\/strong> (parents or siblings). Record this data in <strong data-start=\"3359\" data-end=\"3370\">Table 1<\/strong>. You will use these traits in lab to determine genotypes and complete genetic analyses.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3460\" data-end=\"3463\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"3465\" data-end=\"3537\"><strong data-start=\"3469\" data-end=\"3537\">Table 1. Phenotypes and Genotypes for Student and Family Members<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"3539\" data-end=\"4139\">\n<thead data-start=\"3539\" data-end=\"3699\">\n<tr data-start=\"3539\" data-end=\"3699\">\n<th data-start=\"3539\" data-end=\"3551\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3541\" data-end=\"3550\">Trait<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3551\" data-end=\"3572\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3553\" data-end=\"3571\">Your Phenotype<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3572\" data-end=\"3592\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3574\" data-end=\"3591\">Your Genotype<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3592\" data-end=\"3619\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3594\" data-end=\"3618\">Relative 1 Phenotype<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3619\" data-end=\"3645\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3621\" data-end=\"3644\">Relative 1 Genotype<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3645\" data-end=\"3672\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3647\" data-end=\"3671\">Relative 2 Phenotype<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"3672\" data-end=\"3699\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3674\" data-end=\"3697\">Relative 2 Genotype<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"3869\" data-end=\"4139\">\n<tr data-start=\"3869\" data-end=\"3898\">\n<td data-start=\"3869\" data-end=\"3885\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Tongue Roller<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3885\" data-end=\"3887\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3887\" data-end=\"3889\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3889\" data-end=\"3891\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3891\" data-end=\"3893\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3893\" data-end=\"3895\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3895\" data-end=\"3898\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3899\" data-end=\"3928\">\n<td data-start=\"3899\" data-end=\"3915\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Crooked Pinky<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3915\" data-end=\"3917\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3917\" data-end=\"3919\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3919\" data-end=\"3921\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3921\" data-end=\"3923\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3923\" data-end=\"3925\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3925\" data-end=\"3928\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3929\" data-end=\"3963\">\n<td data-start=\"3929\" data-end=\"3950\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Hitchhiker\u2019s Thumb<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3950\" data-end=\"3952\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3952\" data-end=\"3954\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3954\" data-end=\"3956\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3956\" data-end=\"3958\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3958\" data-end=\"3960\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3960\" data-end=\"3963\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3964\" data-end=\"3992\">\n<td data-start=\"3964\" data-end=\"3979\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Widow\u2019s Peak<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3979\" data-end=\"3981\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3981\" data-end=\"3983\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3983\" data-end=\"3985\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3985\" data-end=\"3987\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3987\" data-end=\"3989\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3989\" data-end=\"3992\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3993\" data-end=\"4016\">\n<td data-start=\"3993\" data-end=\"4003\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Dimples<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4003\" data-end=\"4005\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4005\" data-end=\"4007\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4007\" data-end=\"4009\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4009\" data-end=\"4011\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4011\" data-end=\"4013\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4013\" data-end=\"4016\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4017\" data-end=\"4053\">\n<td data-start=\"4017\" data-end=\"4040\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Interlocking Fingers<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4040\" data-end=\"4042\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4042\" data-end=\"4044\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4044\" data-end=\"4046\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4046\" data-end=\"4048\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4048\" data-end=\"4050\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4050\" data-end=\"4053\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4054\" data-end=\"4094\">\n<td data-start=\"4054\" data-end=\"4081\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Blood Type (A, B, AB, O)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4081\" data-end=\"4083\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4083\" data-end=\"4085\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4085\" data-end=\"4087\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4087\" data-end=\"4089\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4089\" data-end=\"4091\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4091\" data-end=\"4094\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"4095\" data-end=\"4139\">\n<td data-start=\"4095\" data-end=\"4124\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Colorblindness (Red\u2013Green)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4124\" data-end=\"4126\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4126\" data-end=\"4128\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4128\" data-end=\"4130\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4130\" data-end=\"4132\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4132\" data-end=\"4134\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"4134\" data-end=\"4139\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"4141\" data-end=\"4144\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"4146\" data-end=\"4174\"><strong data-start=\"4149\" data-end=\"4174\">Determining Genotypes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4176\" data-end=\"4251\">Use the phenotypes from Table 1 to deduce possible genotypes.<br data-start=\"4237\" data-end=\"4240\" \/>Remember:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4252\" data-end=\"4507\">\n<li data-start=\"4252\" data-end=\"4325\">\n<p data-start=\"4254\" data-end=\"4325\">Recessive phenotypes always mean <strong data-start=\"4287\" data-end=\"4311\">homozygous recessive<\/strong> (e.g., rr).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4326\" data-end=\"4413\">\n<p data-start=\"4328\" data-end=\"4413\">Dominant phenotypes could be <strong data-start=\"4357\" data-end=\"4385\">homozygous dominant (RR)<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"4389\" data-end=\"4410\">heterozygous (Rr)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4414\" data-end=\"4507\">\n<p data-start=\"4416\" data-end=\"4507\">If only one parent shows the recessive trait, their child\u2019s genotype can often be inferred.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"4509\" data-end=\"4512\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"4514\" data-end=\"4540\"><strong data-start=\"4517\" data-end=\"4540\">Laboratory Activity<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4542\" data-end=\"4716\">You will use <strong data-start=\"4555\" data-end=\"4574\">Punnett squares<\/strong> to predict expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios, then compare these to <strong data-start=\"4650\" data-end=\"4669\">observed ratios<\/strong> using corn kernels as a model for inheritance.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4718\" data-end=\"4721\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"4723\" data-end=\"4747\"><strong data-start=\"4727\" data-end=\"4747\">Monohybrid Cross<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4749\" data-end=\"4800\"><strong data-start=\"4749\" data-end=\"4772\">P generation cross:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4772\" data-end=\"4775\" \/>PP (purple) \u00d7 pp (yellow)<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4802\" data-end=\"4842\"><strong data-start=\"4802\" data-end=\"4823\">Gametes produced:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4823\" data-end=\"4826\" \/>PP \u2192 P\u2003\u2003pp \u2192 p<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4844\" data-end=\"4892\"><strong data-start=\"4844\" data-end=\"4862\">F\u2081 Generation:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4862\" data-end=\"4865\" \/>All offspring = Pp (purple)<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4894\" data-end=\"4930\"><strong data-start=\"4894\" data-end=\"4918\">F\u2081 generation cross:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4918\" data-end=\"4921\" \/>Pp \u00d7 Pp<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4932\" data-end=\"4976\"><strong data-start=\"4932\" data-end=\"4953\">Gametes produced:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4953\" data-end=\"4956\" \/>P \u2192\u2003\u2003p \u2192\u2003\u2003P \u2192\u2003\u2003p \u2192<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4978\" data-end=\"5048\"><strong data-start=\"4978\" data-end=\"4997\">Punnett Square:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4997\" data-end=\"5000\" \/>Predict and record expected offspring genotypes.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5050\" data-end=\"5053\" \/>\n<h4 data-start=\"5055\" data-end=\"5161\"><strong data-start=\"5060\" data-end=\"5161\">Table 2. Expected and Observed Results for F\u2082 Generation (Monohybrid Cross: Purple \u00d7 Yellow Corn)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"5163\" data-end=\"5615\">\n<thead data-start=\"5163\" data-end=\"5363\">\n<tr data-start=\"5163\" data-end=\"5363\">\n<th data-start=\"5163\" data-end=\"5179\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5165\" data-end=\"5178\">Phenotype<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5179\" data-end=\"5201\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5181\" data-end=\"5199\">Expected Ratio<\/strong>*<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5201\" data-end=\"5224\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5203\" data-end=\"5223\">Expected Numbers<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5224\" data-end=\"5258\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5226\" data-end=\"5257\">Observed Ratio (Single Row)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5258\" data-end=\"5294\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5260\" data-end=\"5293\">Observed Numbers (Single Row)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5294\" data-end=\"5327\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5296\" data-end=\"5326\">Observed Ratio (Whole Ear)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5327\" data-end=\"5363\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"5329\" data-end=\"5361\">Observed Numbers (Whole Ear)<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"5570\" data-end=\"5615\">\n<tr data-start=\"5570\" data-end=\"5592\">\n<td data-start=\"5570\" data-end=\"5579\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Purple<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5579\" data-end=\"5581\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5581\" data-end=\"5583\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5583\" data-end=\"5585\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5585\" data-end=\"5587\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5587\" data-end=\"5589\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5589\" data-end=\"5592\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5593\" data-end=\"5615\">\n<td data-start=\"5593\" data-end=\"5602\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yellow<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5602\" data-end=\"5604\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5604\" data-end=\"5606\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5606\" data-end=\"5608\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5608\" data-end=\"5610\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5610\" data-end=\"5612\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5612\" data-end=\"5615\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"5617\" data-end=\"5786\">*The expected ratio is derived from your Punnett square.<br data-start=\"5674\" data-end=\"5677\" \/>**Expected numbers are based on total kernels counted \u00f7 4, multiplied by the appropriate ratio (e.g., 3:1).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5788\" data-end=\"5889\"><strong data-start=\"5788\" data-end=\"5801\">Question:<\/strong><br data-start=\"5801\" data-end=\"5804\" \/>Which count was closer to the expected values\u2014row or ear? ___________________________<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5891\" data-end=\"5894\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"5896\" data-end=\"5918\"><strong data-start=\"5900\" data-end=\"5918\">Dihybrid Cross<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"5920\" data-end=\"5991\"><strong data-start=\"5920\" data-end=\"5943\">P generation cross:<\/strong><br data-start=\"5943\" data-end=\"5946\" \/>PPSS (purple, starchy) \u00d7 ppss (yellow, sweet)<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5993\" data-end=\"6039\"><strong data-start=\"5993\" data-end=\"6014\">Gametes produced:<\/strong><br data-start=\"6014\" data-end=\"6017\" \/>PPSS \u2192 PS\u2003\u2003ppss \u2192 ps<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6041\" data-end=\"6100\"><strong data-start=\"6041\" data-end=\"6059\">F\u2081 Generation:<\/strong><br data-start=\"6059\" data-end=\"6062\" \/>All offspring = PpSs (purple, starchy)<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6102\" data-end=\"6142\"><strong data-start=\"6102\" data-end=\"6126\">F\u2081 generation cross:<\/strong><br data-start=\"6126\" data-end=\"6129\" \/>PpSs \u00d7 PpSs<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6144\" data-end=\"6181\"><strong data-start=\"6144\" data-end=\"6165\">Gametes produced:<\/strong><br data-start=\"6165\" data-end=\"6168\" \/>PS\u2003Ps\u2003pS\u2003ps<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6183\" data-end=\"6277\"><strong data-start=\"6183\" data-end=\"6202\">Punnett Square:<\/strong><br data-start=\"6202\" data-end=\"6205\" \/>Complete and use it to predict expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6279\" data-end=\"6282\" \/>\n<h4 data-start=\"6284\" data-end=\"6402\"><strong data-start=\"6289\" data-end=\"6402\">Table 3. Expected and Observed Results for F\u2082 Generation (Dihybrid Cross: Purple\/Starchy \u00d7 Yellow\/Sweet Corn)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"grid\" data-start=\"6404\" data-end=\"6930\">\n<thead data-start=\"6404\" data-end=\"6604\">\n<tr data-start=\"6404\" data-end=\"6604\">\n<th data-start=\"6404\" data-end=\"6420\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6406\" data-end=\"6419\">Phenotype<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6420\" data-end=\"6442\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6422\" data-end=\"6440\">Expected Ratio<\/strong>*<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6442\" data-end=\"6465\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6444\" data-end=\"6464\">Expected Numbers<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6465\" data-end=\"6499\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6467\" data-end=\"6498\">Observed Ratio (Single Row)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6499\" data-end=\"6535\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6501\" data-end=\"6534\">Observed Numbers (Single Row)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6535\" data-end=\"6568\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6537\" data-end=\"6567\">Observed Ratio (Whole Ear)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"6568\" data-end=\"6604\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"6570\" data-end=\"6602\">Observed Numbers (Whole Ear)<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"6811\" data-end=\"6930\">\n<tr data-start=\"6811\" data-end=\"6841\">\n<td data-start=\"6811\" data-end=\"6828\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Purple\/Starchy<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6828\" data-end=\"6830\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6830\" data-end=\"6832\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6832\" data-end=\"6834\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6834\" data-end=\"6836\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6836\" data-end=\"6838\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6838\" data-end=\"6841\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6842\" data-end=\"6870\">\n<td data-start=\"6842\" data-end=\"6857\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Purple\/Sweet<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6857\" data-end=\"6859\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6859\" data-end=\"6861\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6861\" data-end=\"6863\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6863\" data-end=\"6865\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6865\" data-end=\"6867\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6867\" data-end=\"6870\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6871\" data-end=\"6901\">\n<td data-start=\"6871\" data-end=\"6888\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yellow\/Starchy<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6888\" data-end=\"6890\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6890\" data-end=\"6892\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6892\" data-end=\"6894\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6894\" data-end=\"6896\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6896\" data-end=\"6898\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6898\" data-end=\"6901\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"6902\" data-end=\"6930\">\n<td data-start=\"6902\" data-end=\"6917\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yellow\/Sweet<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6917\" data-end=\"6919\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6919\" data-end=\"6921\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6921\" data-end=\"6923\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6923\" data-end=\"6925\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6925\" data-end=\"6927\"><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"6927\" data-end=\"6930\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"6932\" data-end=\"7033\"><strong data-start=\"6932\" data-end=\"6945\">Question:<\/strong><br data-start=\"6945\" data-end=\"6948\" \/>Which count was closer to the expected values\u2014row or ear? ___________________________<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7035\" data-end=\"7038\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"7040\" data-end=\"7073\"><strong data-start=\"7043\" data-end=\"7073\">Genetics Practice Problems<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"7075\" data-end=\"7149\">Answer the following on your exercise sheet or in your digital submission.<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"7151\" data-end=\"8877\">\n<li data-start=\"7151\" data-end=\"7249\">\n<p data-start=\"7154\" data-end=\"7249\"><strong data-start=\"7154\" data-end=\"7175\">Write the gametes<\/strong> formed from each genotype:<br data-start=\"7202\" data-end=\"7205\" \/>a. AA\u2003\u2003b. Aa\u2003\u2003c. AAbb\u2003\u2003d. AABb\u2003\u2003e. AaBb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7251\" data-end=\"7394\">\n<p data-start=\"7254\" data-end=\"7394\"><strong data-start=\"7254\" data-end=\"7282\">Complete Punnett squares<\/strong> and provide expected <strong data-start=\"7304\" data-end=\"7317\">genotypic<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"7322\" data-end=\"7336\">phenotypic<\/strong> ratios:<br data-start=\"7344\" data-end=\"7347\" \/>a. WW \u00d7 ww<br data-start=\"7360\" data-end=\"7363\" \/>b. Dd \u00d7 Dd<br data-start=\"7376\" data-end=\"7379\" \/>c. Hh \u00d7 hh<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7396\" data-end=\"7714\">\n<p data-start=\"7399\" data-end=\"7426\"><strong data-start=\"7399\" data-end=\"7424\">Guinea Pig Fur Color:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7430\" data-end=\"7714\">\n<li data-start=\"7430\" data-end=\"7714\">\n<p data-start=\"7432\" data-end=\"7714\">Black (B) is dominant over white (b).<br data-start=\"7469\" data-end=\"7472\" \/>Determine phenotypic and genotypic ratios for F\u2081 generation in:<br data-start=\"7538\" data-end=\"7541\" \/>a. Homozygous dominant \u00d7 heterozygous<br data-start=\"7581\" data-end=\"7584\" \/>b. Homozygous recessive \u00d7 heterozygous<br data-start=\"7625\" data-end=\"7628\" \/>c. Homozygous dominant \u00d7 homozygous recessive<br data-start=\"7676\" data-end=\"7679\" \/>d. Heterozygous \u00d7 heterozygous<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7716\" data-end=\"7962\">\n<p data-start=\"7719\" data-end=\"7792\"><strong data-start=\"7719\" data-end=\"7747\">White Forelock (Humans):<\/strong><br data-start=\"7747\" data-end=\"7750\" \/>The white forelock trait is dominant.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7796\" data-end=\"7962\">\n<li data-start=\"7796\" data-end=\"7888\">\n<p data-start=\"7798\" data-end=\"7888\">A woman with a white forelock (whose father did not have one) marries a man without one.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7892\" data-end=\"7962\">\n<p data-start=\"7894\" data-end=\"7962\">What is the probability that their child will have a white forelock?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9204\" data-end=\"9327\">\n<p data-start=\"9207\" data-end=\"9250\"><strong data-start=\"9207\" data-end=\"9248\">Cheek Dimples (D) and Cleft Chin (C):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"9254\" data-end=\"9327\">\n<li data-start=\"9254\" data-end=\"9276\">\n<p data-start=\"9256\" data-end=\"9276\">Cross: DDCC \u00d7 ddcc<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9280\" data-end=\"9327\">\n<p data-start=\"9282\" data-end=\"9327\">Determine F\u2082 genotypic and phenotypic ratios.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9329\" data-end=\"9502\">\n<p data-start=\"9333\" data-end=\"9502\"><strong data-start=\"9333\" data-end=\"9353\">Complex Crosses:<\/strong><br data-start=\"9353\" data-end=\"9356\" \/>Using Table 1 traits, determine expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios for:<br data-start=\"9437\" data-end=\"9440\" \/>a. RRtt \u00d7 rrTT<br data-start=\"9458\" data-end=\"9461\" \/>b. RrTT \u00d7 rrTt<br data-start=\"9479\" data-end=\"9482\" \/>c. RrTt \u00d7 RrTt<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<blockquote data-start=\"9870\" data-end=\"10272\">\n<p data-start=\"9872\" data-end=\"10272\">\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Licenses and Attribution<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong>CC Licensed Content, Original:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">This educational material includes AI-generated content from ChatGPT by OpenAI. The original content created by Dr. Zeinab Motawe\u00a0from Hillsborough College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/deed.en\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\">\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">All images in this textbook generated with DALL-E are licensed under the terms provided by OpenAI, allowing for their free use, modification, and distribution with appropriate attribution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Other Licensed Content Included:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Adapted with permission from BioScience I Laboratory Manual by Jamie Colson-Moon and Denise Bristol. Per request from these original authors, this content is now licensed (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":130,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-263","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":18,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/263","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/130"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/263\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":342,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/263\/revisions\/342"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/18"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/263\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=263"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=263"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=263"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/bio1ss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=263"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}