{"id":585,"date":"2025-08-12T15:01:55","date_gmt":"2025-08-12T15:01:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=585"},"modified":"2026-10-01T18:15:18","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T18:15:18","slug":"procedure-7","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/chapter\/procedure-7\/","title":{"raw":"Laboratory Preparation &amp; Procedure","rendered":"Laboratory Preparation &amp; Procedure"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Materials:<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>24-well plate<\/li>\r\n \t<li>glass stirring rod<\/li>\r\n \t<li>150-mL beaker<\/li>\r\n \t<li>deionized water<\/li>\r\n \t<li>paper towels<\/li>\r\n \t<li>transfer pipettes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M AgNO\u2083<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M Zn(NO\u2083)\u2082<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M Pb(NO\u2083)\u2082<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M Fe(NO\u2083)\u2083<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M NaNO\u2083<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M NaOH<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M Na\u2082SO\u2084<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M Na\u2083PO\u2084<\/li>\r\n \t<li>one unknown cation solution<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Safety:<\/h2>\r\nWear goggles and gloves. Collect all liquids and rinses in the waste beaker. Rinse skin with water if contacted. Clean wells thoroughly to avoid cross\u2011contamination.\r\n<h2>Procedure:<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"216\" data-end=\"370\">Before starting this experiment, predict the products of each reaction given in your well plate &amp; determine if you expect to see a precipitate form based on the solubility rules.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"216\" data-end=\"370\">\r\n<p data-start=\"219\" data-end=\"370\">Obtain a 24-well plate and set up a 3 \u00d7 6 grid for testing five known cation solutions &amp; your unknown solution as shown in your data pages. Each of your known solutions are in dropper bottles. Please, do not open! You may add drops directly from the bottle into your well plate.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"216\" data-end=\"370\">\r\n<p data-start=\"219\" data-end=\"370\">\u00a0In the first column, place three drops of silver nitrate solution (AgNO\u2083) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"613\">\r\n<p data-start=\"495\" data-end=\"613\">In the second column, place three drops of sodium nitrate solution (NaNO\u2083) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"614\" data-end=\"735\">\r\n<p data-start=\"617\" data-end=\"735\">In the third column, place three drops of zinc nitrate solution (Zn(NO\u2083)\u2082) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"736\" data-end=\"858\">\r\n<p data-start=\"739\" data-end=\"858\">In the fourth column, place three drops of lead nitrate solution (Pb(NO\u2083)\u2082) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">In the fifth column, place three drops of iron (III) nitrate solution (Fe (NO\u2083)3) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">First row: Add three\u00a0drops of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to each well containing a cation solution.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">Using your glass stirring rod, stir each mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel each time between solutions. This is extremely important to avoid cross-contamination &amp; the appearance of false-positive results.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Observe and record results in the Data Table, noting whether a precipitate forms (ppt) or not (no ppt) and describing any color or texture changes.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Second row: Add three\u00a0drops of 0.1 M sodium sulfate (Na\u2082SO\u2084) to each well. Record observations as above.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir each mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel each time between solutions. This is extremely important to avoid cross-contamination &amp; the appearance of false-positive results.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Observe and record results in the Data Table, noting whether a precipitate forms (ppt) or not (no ppt) and describing any color or texture changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Third row: Add three drops of 0.1 M sodium phosphate (Na\u2083PO\u2084) to each well. Record observations as above.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir each mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel each time between solutions. This is extremely important to avoid cross-contamination &amp; the appearance of false-positive results.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Observe and record results in the Data Table, noting whether a precipitate forms (ppt) or not (no ppt) and describing any color or texture changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Keep the well plate with known results nearby for direct comparison during unknown identification.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Compare your experimental data to your known data. Note any inconsistencies between the two sets of data.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Obtain an unknown solution containing one or more of the cations used in this experiment (Ag\u207a, Fe<sup>3<\/sup><sup>+<\/sup>, Na\u207a, Pb\u00b2\u207a, Zn\u00b2\u207a). Record the unknown number in your data table. Your unknown solution is in a test tube. Please use a transfer pipette when dispensing your unknown solution from the test tube to the well plate.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">In the sixth\u00a0column, place three drops of unknown solution into each of the three wells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">To the first well of the unknown, add three drops of 0.1 M NaOH. Record observations.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">Using your glass stirring rod, stir the mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel before moving on.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">To the second well of the unknown, add three\u00a0drops of 0.1 M Na\u2082SO\u2084. Record observations.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir the mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel before moving on.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">To the third well of the unknown, add three drops of 0.1 M Na\u2083PO\u2084. Record observations.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir the mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel before moving on.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Compare the unknown\u2019s reaction patterns to your known results. Identify the cation(s) present in your unknown and explain your reasoning based on your recorded observations.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"<h2>Materials:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>24-well plate<\/li>\n<li>glass stirring rod<\/li>\n<li>150-mL beaker<\/li>\n<li>deionized water<\/li>\n<li>paper towels<\/li>\n<li>transfer pipettes<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M AgNO\u2083<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M Zn(NO\u2083)\u2082<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M Pb(NO\u2083)\u2082<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M Fe(NO\u2083)\u2083<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M NaNO\u2083<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M NaOH<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M Na\u2082SO\u2084<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M Na\u2083PO\u2084<\/li>\n<li>one unknown cation solution<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Safety:<\/h2>\n<p>Wear goggles and gloves. Collect all liquids and rinses in the waste beaker. Rinse skin with water if contacted. Clean wells thoroughly to avoid cross\u2011contamination.<\/p>\n<h2>Procedure:<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li data-start=\"216\" data-end=\"370\">Before starting this experiment, predict the products of each reaction given in your well plate &amp; determine if you expect to see a precipitate form based on the solubility rules.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"216\" data-end=\"370\">\n<p data-start=\"219\" data-end=\"370\">Obtain a 24-well plate and set up a 3 \u00d7 6 grid for testing five known cation solutions &amp; your unknown solution as shown in your data pages. Each of your known solutions are in dropper bottles. Please, do not open! You may add drops directly from the bottle into your well plate.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"216\" data-end=\"370\">\n<p data-start=\"219\" data-end=\"370\">\u00a0In the first column, place three drops of silver nitrate solution (AgNO\u2083) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"613\">\n<p data-start=\"495\" data-end=\"613\">In the second column, place three drops of sodium nitrate solution (NaNO\u2083) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"614\" data-end=\"735\">\n<p data-start=\"617\" data-end=\"735\">In the third column, place three drops of zinc nitrate solution (Zn(NO\u2083)\u2082) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"736\" data-end=\"858\">\n<p data-start=\"739\" data-end=\"858\">In the fourth column, place three drops of lead nitrate solution (Pb(NO\u2083)\u2082) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">In the fifth column, place three drops of iron (III) nitrate solution (Fe (NO\u2083)3) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">First row: Add three\u00a0drops of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to each well containing a cation solution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">Using your glass stirring rod, stir each mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel each time between solutions. This is extremely important to avoid cross-contamination &amp; the appearance of false-positive results.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Observe and record results in the Data Table, noting whether a precipitate forms (ppt) or not (no ppt) and describing any color or texture changes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Second row: Add three\u00a0drops of 0.1 M sodium sulfate (Na\u2082SO\u2084) to each well. Record observations as above.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir each mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel each time between solutions. This is extremely important to avoid cross-contamination &amp; the appearance of false-positive results.<\/li>\n<li>Observe and record results in the Data Table, noting whether a precipitate forms (ppt) or not (no ppt) and describing any color or texture changes.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Third row: Add three drops of 0.1 M sodium phosphate (Na\u2083PO\u2084) to each well. Record observations as above.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir each mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel each time between solutions. This is extremely important to avoid cross-contamination &amp; the appearance of false-positive results.<\/li>\n<li>Observe and record results in the Data Table, noting whether a precipitate forms (ppt) or not (no ppt) and describing any color or texture changes.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Keep the well plate with known results nearby for direct comparison during unknown identification.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Compare your experimental data to your known data. Note any inconsistencies between the two sets of data.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Obtain an unknown solution containing one or more of the cations used in this experiment (Ag\u207a, Fe<sup>3<\/sup><sup>+<\/sup>, Na\u207a, Pb\u00b2\u207a, Zn\u00b2\u207a). Record the unknown number in your data table. Your unknown solution is in a test tube. Please use a transfer pipette when dispensing your unknown solution from the test tube to the well plate.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">In the sixth\u00a0column, place three drops of unknown solution into each of the three wells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">To the first well of the unknown, add three drops of 0.1 M NaOH. Record observations.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">Using your glass stirring rod, stir the mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel before moving on.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">To the second well of the unknown, add three\u00a0drops of 0.1 M Na\u2082SO\u2084. Record observations.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir the mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel before moving on.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">To the third well of the unknown, add three drops of 0.1 M Na\u2083PO\u2084. Record observations.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir the mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel before moving on.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Compare the unknown\u2019s reaction patterns to your known results. Identify the cation(s) present in your unknown and explain your reasoning based on your recorded observations.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":125,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-585","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry"],"part":386,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/585","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/125"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/585\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1074,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/585\/revisions\/1074"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/386"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/585\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=585"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=585"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=585"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=585"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}