{"id":77,"date":"2024-05-29T14:29:07","date_gmt":"2024-05-29T14:29:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/microlabmanual\/?post_type=chapter&p=77"},"modified":"2025-12-19T01:11:21","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T01:11:21","slug":"ex-1-ubiquity","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/microlabmanual\/chapter\/ex-1-ubiquity\/","title":{"raw":"Exercise 1: Ubiquity","rendered":"Exercise 1: Ubiquity"},"content":{"raw":"

Introduction<\/h2>\r\n

Microorganisms are organisms that are too small to see without the aid of a microscope. These organisms have existed for billions of years on Earth and have adapted to a wide range of habitats. Microorganisms are often described as being \u201cubiquitous<\/strong> in nature\u201d. This means that they can be isolated from air, soil, water, plants, and animals (including humans). Microbes are even found in seemingly uninhabitable sites such as acidic hot springs, solid rock and deep sea thermal vents.<\/p>\r\n

Many microorganisms are free-living<\/strong> and are not known to cause disease; they are non-pathogenic<\/strong>. Frequently they are saprophytes<\/strong> involved in decomposing organic matter \u2013 an important ecological role. Other microorganisms reside on or in another host <\/strong>species and benefit from the symbiotic association with their host(s) \u2013 they have a protected environment in which to reproduce successfully. If they damage their host causing disease, they are known as pathogens<\/strong>. In many cases the microbe may actually benefit their host, a relationship known as mutualism<\/strong>. Finally, some microbes are commensal <\/strong>organisms, where they benefit but have no significant effect on their host. However, commensal or mutualistic strains inhabiting our bodies are capable of becoming opportunistic pathogens<\/strong> if introduced into a suitable part of the body. Any area where a microbe resides and serves as a potential source of infection is called a reservoir<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Course Intended Outcomes<\/h2>\r\n

Demonstrate and apply basic aseptic techniques, standard lab safety procedures, and maintain aseptic environment in a microbiology laboratory.<\/p>\r\n

Describe different types of media according to their physical state, chemical composition, and their function; list some of their applications; interpret microbial growth patterns.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Materials Used<\/h2>\r\n

Students will work in small groups. Each group will need the following materials for this exercise.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n \t
  • Nutrient Agar (NA) plates<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Sterile swabs<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Additional materials will be assigned by your instructor<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

    Procedure, Day 1<\/h2>\r\n

    Students will inoculate several different specimen types onto plate media to demonstrate the presence of microorganisms. A single bacterial cell isolated on the media surface will grow into a visible colony<\/strong>. Most specimens will contain several different species of bacteria that will result in a variety of colony morphologies<\/strong> on plate media. Students will learn to recognize and describe the form, elevation and margin of colonies on plate media.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Technique:<\/h3>\r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. Remove one sterile swab and moisten swab with dI deionized water.<\/li>\r\n \t
    2. Use the prepared swab to collect sample from desired surface.<\/li>\r\n \t
    3. Roll swab onto small area of media surface toward one edge.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • \r\n
          \r\n \t
        • \r\n
            \r\n \t
          • Agar medium like nutrient agar (NA) is semi-solid with a consistency like <\/em>gelatin<\/em>.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
          • Use a low angle and light pressure while inoculating or you will damage the medium.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
          • Keep the plates covered as much as possible.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. Use swab to drag inoculum across medium in a zig-zag motion, see figure 1-1.<\/li>\r\n \t
            2. Repeat procedure with 2nd<\/sup> swab for a different sample.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

              Sampling\/Inoculation:<\/h3>\r\n
                \r\n \t
              1. Your instructor will provide specific instructions for sample collection and inoculation.<\/li>\r\n \t
              2. Label plates 1 \u2013 3 according to the instructions provided by your instructor.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                • \r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  • \r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    • Warm the plates in your hands with lids closed before labeling.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
                    • Label plates with the group name, sample location and section day\/time<\/em>.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
                    • Always label plates on the bottom side containing the medium. Do NOT label the lids. Lids can become separated during storage and handling.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      1. Inoculate plates as directed.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      2. Collect all three plates and place lid side down in the rack for incubation at 35 \u02daC.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      3. One plate for the section will have the lid removed for the duration of the lab period<\/li>\r\n \t
                      4. One plate for the section will remain unopened to serve as an uninoculated negative control.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1034\"]\"Illustration Figure 1.1: Illustration of plate streaking techniques. One specimen per plate (L) or two specimens per plate (R).[\/caption]\r\n\r\n \r\n

                        Procedure, Day 2<\/h3>\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        1. Examine plates from previous week including the air exposure plate and the uninoculated control.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        2. Determine which plates have microbial growth (G) or no growth (NG) after incubation.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        3. Look for colonies of bacteria and\/or fungi on the surface of the medium.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        4. Use the table in figure 1-2 to determine the form, elevation and margin of one or two representative colonies from each plate.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        5. Record your results in your lab notebook.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"917\"]\"Colony Figure 1.2: Colony morphology descriptions for form, elevation and margin.[\/caption]\r\n

                          [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Colony Morphology Long Description[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n \r\n

                          Lab Clean-up<\/h3>\r\n

                          Plates are disposable and should be thrown away in the biohazard container.<\/p>\r\n

                          Tubes of sterile deionized water are placed in the tube rack for sterilization and cleaning.<\/p>\r\n

                          Used swabs should be treated as contaminated and disposed in the biohazard container.<\/p>\r\n

                          Paper wrappers are NOT biohazardous material.<\/p>\r\n

                          Disinfect your benchtop and wash your hands before leaving the lab.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

                          Results and Interpretation<\/h3>\r\n

                          In your lab notebook, illustrate one or two colonies observed from each plate.<\/p>\r\n

                          Use the following table to describe the characteristics of the colonies observed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                          \r\n

                          Specimen source<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          Color<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          Size<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          Form<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          Elevation<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          Margin<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n

                          \r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

                          \r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

                          \r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

                          \r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

                          \r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                          		\r\n

                          <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

                          Critical Thinking Questions<\/h3>\r\n

                          How many bacteria are required to create a visible colony on plate medium?<\/p>\r\n

                          What is the function and expected result for the uninoculated control plate?<\/p>\r\n

                          Which sites that were tested had no growth? Do you think that these locations are sterile? Why or why not?<\/p>\r\n

                          What was the most common colony morphology that your group identified on the plates?<\/p>","rendered":"

                          Introduction<\/h2>\n

                          Microorganisms are organisms that are too small to see without the aid of a microscope. These organisms have existed for billions of years on Earth and have adapted to a wide range of habitats. Microorganisms are often described as being \u201cubiquitous<\/strong> in nature\u201d. This means that they can be isolated from air, soil, water, plants, and animals (including humans). Microbes are even found in seemingly uninhabitable sites such as acidic hot springs, solid rock and deep sea thermal vents.<\/p>\n

                          Many microorganisms are free-living<\/strong> and are not known to cause disease; they are non-pathogenic<\/strong>. Frequently they are saprophytes<\/strong> involved in decomposing organic matter \u2013 an important ecological role. Other microorganisms reside on or in another host <\/strong>species and benefit from the symbiotic association with their host(s) \u2013 they have a protected environment in which to reproduce successfully. If they damage their host causing disease, they are known as pathogens<\/strong>. In many cases the microbe may actually benefit their host, a relationship known as mutualism<\/strong>. Finally, some microbes are commensal <\/strong>organisms, where they benefit but have no significant effect on their host. However, commensal or mutualistic strains inhabiting our bodies are capable of becoming opportunistic pathogens<\/strong> if introduced into a suitable part of the body. Any area where a microbe resides and serves as a potential source of infection is called a reservoir<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

                          Course Intended Outcomes<\/h2>\n

                          Demonstrate and apply basic aseptic techniques, standard lab safety procedures, and maintain aseptic environment in a microbiology laboratory.<\/p>\n

                          Describe different types of media according to their physical state, chemical composition, and their function; list some of their applications; interpret microbial growth patterns.<\/p>\n

                          Materials Used<\/h2>\n

                          Students will work in small groups. Each group will need the following materials for this exercise.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • Nutrient Agar (NA) plates<\/li>\n
                          • Sterile swabs<\/li>\n
                          • Additional materials will be assigned by your instructor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            Procedure, Day 1<\/h2>\n

                            Students will inoculate several different specimen types onto plate media to demonstrate the presence of microorganisms. A single bacterial cell isolated on the media surface will grow into a visible colony<\/strong>. Most specimens will contain several different species of bacteria that will result in a variety of colony morphologies<\/strong> on plate media. Students will learn to recognize and describe the form, elevation and margin of colonies on plate media.<\/p>\n

                            Technique:<\/h3>\n
                              \n
                            1. Remove one sterile swab and moisten swab with dI deionized water.<\/li>\n
                            2. Use the prepared swab to collect sample from desired surface.<\/li>\n
                            3. Roll swab onto small area of media surface toward one edge.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                \n
                              • \n
                                  \n
                                • \n
                                    \n
                                  • Agar medium like nutrient agar (NA) is semi-solid with a consistency like <\/em>gelatin<\/em>.<\/em><\/li>\n
                                  • Use a low angle and light pressure while inoculating or you will damage the medium.<\/em><\/li>\n
                                  • Keep the plates covered as much as possible.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                      \n
                                    1. Use swab to drag inoculum across medium in a zig-zag motion, see figure 1-1.<\/li>\n
                                    2. Repeat procedure with 2nd<\/sup> swab for a different sample.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      Sampling\/Inoculation:<\/h3>\n
                                        \n
                                      1. Your instructor will provide specific instructions for sample collection and inoculation.<\/li>\n
                                      2. Label plates 1 \u2013 3 according to the instructions provided by your instructor.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                          \n
                                        • \n
                                            \n
                                          • \n
                                              \n
                                            • Warm the plates in your hands with lids closed before labeling.<\/em><\/li>\n
                                            • Label plates with the group name, sample location and section day\/time<\/em>.<\/em><\/li>\n
                                            • Always label plates on the bottom side containing the medium. Do NOT label the lids. Lids can become separated during storage and handling.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                \n
                                              1. Inoculate plates as directed.<\/li>\n
                                              2. Collect all three plates and place lid side down in the rack for incubation at 35 \u02daC.<\/li>\n
                                              3. One plate for the section will have the lid removed for the duration of the lab period<\/li>\n
                                              4. One plate for the section will remain unopened to serve as an uninoculated negative control.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                \"Illustration
                                                Figure 1.1: Illustration of plate streaking techniques. One specimen per plate (L) or two specimens per plate (R).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

                                                 <\/p>\n

                                                Procedure, Day 2<\/h3>\n
                                                  \n
                                                1. Examine plates from previous week including the air exposure plate and the uninoculated control.<\/li>\n
                                                2. Determine which plates have microbial growth (G) or no growth (NG) after incubation.<\/li>\n
                                                3. Look for colonies of bacteria and\/or fungi on the surface of the medium.<\/li>\n
                                                4. Use the table in figure 1-2 to determine the form, elevation and margin of one or two representative colonies from each plate.<\/li>\n
                                                5. Record your results in your lab notebook.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                                  \"Colony
                                                  Figure 1.2: Colony morphology descriptions for form, elevation and margin.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n