{"id":116,"date":"2022-03-29T18:01:19","date_gmt":"2022-03-29T18:01:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/chapter\/citing-sources\/"},"modified":"2026-07-22T18:28:34","modified_gmt":"2026-07-22T18:28:34","slug":"citing-sources","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/chapter\/citing-sources\/","title":{"raw":"6.3 Citing Sources","rendered":"6.3 Citing Sources"},"content":{"raw":"<div id=\"slug-6-3-citing-sources\" class=\"chapter standard\">\r\n<div id=\"slug-6-3-citing-sources\" class=\"chapter standard\">\r\n<h2 class=\"chapter-title\" style=\"text-align: center;\">6.3 Citing Sources<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1351 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2022\/03\/Citation_needed_-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"A poster displaying the words Citation Needed.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/> A poster displaying the words \u201cCitation Needed.\u201d Image from <em>It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century<\/em> by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nMost public speaking instructors require students to submit a bibliography, works-cited list, or reference list with a speech outline. This section explains why citation matters, how APA and MLA documentation differ, how to cite sources aloud during a speech, and how to use research ethically.\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Why Citing Is Important<\/h3>\r\nCitations allow audience members and readers to identify where information originated. Citing sources demonstrates credibility and integrity because it shows that your claims are supported by research and clearly distinguishes your ideas from the intellectual work of others.\r\n\r\nFailing to acknowledge another person\u2019s words, ideas, data, images, or other work may constitute <strong>plagiarism<\/strong>. Plagiarism involves presenting someone else\u2019s work as your own, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Because plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty, colleges and universities may impose serious academic consequences for it.\r\n\r\nCitation is necessary when you:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Quote another person\u2019s exact words.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Paraphrase or summarize someone else\u2019s ideas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use statistics, research findings, or other data.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Refer to a distinctive theory, model, or argument.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use an image, chart, video, audio recording, or other media created by someone else.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Incorporate information that is not common knowledge.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">APA and MLA: Choosing a Citation Style<\/h3>\r\nPublic speaking instructors may require APA, MLA, or another documentation style. Always follow the requirements provided by your instructor and assignment.\r\n\r\nThe two styles most often encountered in communication courses are:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>APA Style<\/strong>, developed by the American Psychological Association.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>MLA Style<\/strong>, developed by the Modern Language Association.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>APA Style<\/h4>\r\nAPA Style is widely used in the social and behavioral sciences and in fields such as communication, psychology, sociology, education, nursing, and business. APA emphasizes the author and publication date because the currency of research is often important in these disciplines.\r\n\r\nAn APA parenthetical citation commonly appears in this form:\r\n\r\n<em>(Smith, 2022)<\/em>\r\n\r\nA narrative citation may appear as:\r\n\r\n<em>Smith (2022) argues that...<\/em>\r\n\r\nThe current official guide is the <em>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association<\/em>, 7th edition.\r\n<h4>MLA Style<\/h4>\r\nMLA Style is frequently used in humanities disciplines such as English, literature, rhetoric, philosophy, and cultural studies. MLA emphasizes the author and the location of the information within the source, often a page number.\r\n\r\nAn MLA parenthetical citation commonly appears in this form:\r\n\r\n<em>(Smith 45)<\/em>\r\n\r\nThe current official guide is the <em>MLA Handbook<\/em>, 9th edition.\r\n<h4>Written Citations and Oral Citations Are Different<\/h4>\r\nAPA and MLA provide systems for documenting written work. A speech also requires <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2071\"]oral citations[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>, sometimes called verbal or in-speech citations.\r\n\r\nAn oral citation should give listeners enough information to understand who created the information, why the source is credible, and when or where the information was published. Speakers usually should not read a full APA or MLA reference aloud.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n<blockquote>According to a 2024 report from the Pew Research Center...<\/blockquote>\r\nOr:\r\n<blockquote>Communication researcher Dana Smith explains in a 2023 article published in <em>Communication Education<\/em> that...<\/blockquote>\r\nThe complete source should also appear in the written reference list or works-cited list submitted with the speech.\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Citing Sources in a Speech<\/h3>\r\nWhen incorporating outside information into a speech, use three steps:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Introduce the source.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Present the information.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Explain how the information supports your point.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4>Step 1: Introduce the Source<\/h4>\r\nProvide context before presenting the evidence. Identify the author, organization, publication, date, or relevant credentials.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n<blockquote>Workplace bullying is a serious organizational problem. A national study by the Workplace Bullying Institute examined how employers respond when employees report bullying.<\/blockquote>\r\n<h4>Step 2: Present the Information<\/h4>\r\nYou may use a direct quotation, paraphrase, or summary.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"415\"]Direct quotation[\/pb_glossary]:<\/strong> Reproduces the source\u2019s exact words.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"567\"]Paraphrase[\/pb_glossary]:<\/strong> Restates a specific idea fully in your own wording and sentence structure.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"579\"]Summary[\/pb_glossary]:<\/strong> Condenses the main point of a longer passage or source.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAll three methods require attribution.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n<blockquote>According to a 2009 Workplace Bullying Institute report, 54% of employers did nothing after workplace bullying was reported.<\/blockquote>\r\nOr, when quoting:\r\n<blockquote>The report found that \u201cdoing nothing to the bully was the most common employer tactic,\u201d occurring in 54% of the cases studied.<\/blockquote>\r\n<h4>Step 3: Explain the Relevance<\/h4>\r\nDo not present a quotation or statistic and immediately move to another point. Explain how the evidence supports your claim.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n<blockquote>This finding demonstrates why relying only on voluntary employer action may not protect workers. Organizations need clear reporting procedures and meaningful accountability.<\/blockquote>\r\nConnecting evidence to your reasoning helps the audience understand why the source matters. It also prevents <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"585\"]drive-by quoting[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>, in which a speaker inserts evidence without context, analysis, or explanation.\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Using Sources Ethically<\/h3>\r\nEthical source use involves more than adding a reference list. The following practices help speakers avoid plagiarism, represent evidence accurately, and maintain credibility.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cite sources during the speech.<\/strong> When an idea, quotation, statistic, or example is not your own, identify its source aloud. A written reference list alone is not sufficient.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Use your own voice.<\/strong> Your speech should reflect your own reasoning, organization, and explanation. Sources should support your message rather than replace it.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Begin early.<\/strong> Last-minute preparation increases the risk of careless notes, missing citations, inaccurate paraphrases, and plagiarism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Track every source.<\/strong> Record complete citation information as soon as you locate a source. Include authors, titles, publication dates, URLs, page numbers, and notes about where each idea or quotation originated.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Distinguish your words from source material.<\/strong> Use clear verbal transitions such as \u201caccording to,\u201d \u201cthe researchers found,\u201d or \u201cin the author\u2019s words\u201d to signal when you are presenting another person\u2019s work.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cite both orally and in writing.<\/strong> Include verbal citations during the speech and complete entries in the required reference list or works-cited list.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Limit direct quotations.<\/strong> Use exact wording when the language itself is especially authoritative, memorable, technical, or important. Otherwise, paraphrasing or summarizing often sounds more natural in a speech.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Paraphrase completely.<\/strong> Changing a few words or rearranging a sentence is not an adequate paraphrase. Read the original, understand the idea, set the source aside, and explain the meaning in your own wording and structure. Then cite the source.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Avoid patchwriting and patchspeaking.<\/strong> Do not assemble a speech by combining lightly altered sentences from multiple sources. Your speech should present your own analysis and organization.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Use automated summaries cautiously.<\/strong> AI systems and automated summarization tools can omit context, introduce inaccuracies, or produce wording that closely resembles the source. Verify every summary against the original material and follow your institution\u2019s policies on AI use and disclosure.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Never submit someone else\u2019s work as your own.<\/strong> Do not reuse another student\u2019s speech, purchase a speech, copy material from an online speech repository, or submit AI-generated work in violation of course policies.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Conduct primary research ethically.<\/strong> If participants are promised anonymity or confidentiality, protect their identities and information. Respect statements made off the record, obtain permission before identifying participants, and represent responses accurately.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Conclusion<\/h3>\r\nEffective citation strengthens a speech by showing where information came from, distinguishing your ideas from those of others, and demonstrating that your claims are supported by credible evidence.\r\n\r\nEthical speakers cite sources both orally and in writing, paraphrase accurately, preserve complete research records, protect participants in primary research, and explain how evidence supports their arguments.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<h3>Licenses and Attribution<\/h3>\r\n<h4>CC Licensed Content, Original<\/h4>\r\n<em>Speech Communication<\/em> was created by Lana Iapicco and Marie Torres. Independently created original and AI-assisted content developed specifically for this book is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>, except where otherwise noted.\r\n\r\nThis educational material includes content generated or revised with the assistance of large language models. Lana Iapicco and Marie Torres reviewed, edited, and take responsibility for the final published content.\r\n<h4>CC Licensed Content, Previously Shared<\/h4>\r\n<h5>Citing Sources<\/h5>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/chapter\/citing-sources\/\">\u201cCiting Sources\u201d<\/a> by Douglas Marshall, James Yeargain, June Pulliam, Sara Kim, and Victoria VanNest, published in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/\">It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century<\/a><\/em> by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network, was adapted for this section.\r\n\r\nThe source material is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>. The material was revised, reorganized, expanded, updated, and supplemented with original and AI-assisted content for this edition.\r\n\r\nAdapted portions derived from this source, including revisions to those portions, are licensed under the <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>. Independently created portions developed specifically for <em>Speech Communication<\/em> are licensed under the book\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>, except where otherwise noted.\r\n<h4>CC Licensed Image<\/h4>\r\n<h5>Citation Needed Poster<\/h5>\r\nImage from <a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/chapter\/citing-sources\/\">\u201cCiting Sources\u201d<\/a> in <em>It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century<\/em> by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network.\r\n\r\nLicense: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>.\r\n\r\nChanges: The image was resized, and its alternative text and caption were revised for this edition. The source chapter does not identify a separate creator or image-specific license.\r\n<h4>Other Content Included<\/h4>\r\n<h5>APA Style<\/h5>\r\nAmerican Psychological Association. (2020). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/products\/publication-manual-7th-edition\">Publication manual of the American Psychological Association<\/a><\/em> (7th ed.).\r\n\r\nThis source supports the description of APA documentation and replaces the 2010 sixth-edition manuals listed in the original chapter. The publication remains subject to the rights of the American Psychological Association and is not included under the Creative Commons licenses applied to this book.\r\n<h5>MLA Style<\/h5>\r\n<em><a href=\"https:\/\/style.mla.org\/mla-handbook-ninth-edition\/\">MLA handbook<\/a><\/em>. (2021). 9th ed. Modern Language Association of America.\r\n\r\nThis source supports the description of MLA documentation and replaces the 2009 seventh-edition handbook listed in the original chapter. The publication remains subject to the rights of the Modern Language Association and is not included under the Creative Commons licenses applied to this book.\r\n<h5>Research and Information Literacy<\/h5>\r\nGeorge, M. W. (2008). <em>The elements of library research: What every student needs to know<\/em>. Princeton University Press.\r\n\r\nMoxley, J. M. (n.d.). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/\">Research<\/a><\/em>. Writing Commons.\r\n\r\nThese sources informed the broader discussion of research, source use, and information literacy. The publications remain subject to the rights and license terms of their respective authors and publishers.\r\n<h5>Plagiarism, Paraphrasing, and Ethical Source Use<\/h5>\r\nHoward, R. M., &amp; Taggart, A. R. (2010). <em>Research matters<\/em>. McGraw-Hill.\r\n\r\nMenager-Beeley, R., &amp; Paulos, L. (2009). <em>Understanding plagiarism: A student guide to writing your own work<\/em>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.\r\n\r\nThese works informed the discussion of plagiarism, paraphrasing, attribution, and ethical research practices. The publications remain subject to the rights of their respective authors and publishers.\r\n<h5>Workplace Bullying Example<\/h5>\r\nWorkplace Bullying Institute. (2009). <em>Bullying: Getting away with it\u2014WBI Labor Day Study, September 2009<\/em>.\r\n\r\nThis source provides the workplace-bullying statistic used in the oral-citation examples. The publication remains subject to the rights of the Workplace Bullying Institute and is not included under the Creative Commons licenses applied to this book.\r\n<h5>Online News and Blog Research<\/h5>\r\nOchman, B. L. (2007, June 29). <em>The top 10 news stories broken by bloggers<\/em>. TechNewsWorld.\r\n\r\nThis source informed the original chapter\u2019s discussion of blogs and online information sources. The article remains subject to the rights of its author and publisher.\r\n<h5>Research Planning and Project Organization<\/h5>\r\nProject Management Institute. (2004). <em>A guide to the project management body of knowledge: PMBOK guide<\/em> (3rd ed.).\r\n\r\nThis source informed the broader treatment of planning and managing the research process. The publication remains subject to the rights of the Project Management Institute.\r\n<h5>Communication Research and Professional Practice<\/h5>\r\nWeiner, M. (2006). <em>Unleashing the power of PR: A contrarian\u2019s guide to marketing and communication<\/em>. Jossey-Bass and the International Association of Business Communicators.\r\n\r\nWrench, J. S., Thomas-Maddox, C., Richmond, V. P., &amp; McCroskey, J. C. (2008). <em>Quantitative methods for communication researchers: A hands-on approach<\/em>. Oxford University Press.\r\n\r\nThese works informed the broader discussion of communication research, evidence, and professional source use. The publications remain subject to the rights of their respective authors and publishers.\r\n<h5>Critical Evaluation of Popular Claims<\/h5>\r\nWood, J. T. (2002). A critical response to John Gray\u2019s Mars and Venus portrayals of men and women. <em>Southern Communication Journal, 67<\/em>, 201\u2013210.\r\n\r\nThis article informed the original chapter\u2019s broader treatment of evaluating claims and representing research accurately. The publication remains subject to the rights of its author and publisher.\r\n<h5>CRAAP Method<\/h5>\r\nLSU Libraries. (2022, February 16). <em>CRAAP method<\/em>.\r\n\r\nThis resource appeared in the original reference list and informed the broader research chapter\u2019s discussion of source evaluation. The CRAAP framework is discussed directly in Section 6.2 rather than this section. The resource remains subject to the rights and terms of LSU Libraries.\r\n<h4>Third-Party References and Links<\/h4>\r\nStyle manuals, books, articles, reports, websites, research studies, organizational resources, trademarks, and other third-party materials referenced in this section or used in developing the broader research chapter remain the property of their respective authors, publishers, organizations, and copyright holders. Their inclusion as citations, examples, links, or intellectual foundations does not place the underlying materials under the Creative Commons licenses applied to <em>Speech Communication<\/em>.\r\n\r\nUnless a separate license or public-domain status is specifically identified, third-party content may not be copied, redistributed, or adapted independently of the permissions provided by its copyright holder or applicable law.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"slug-6-3-citing-sources\" class=\"chapter standard\">\n<div class=\"chapter standard\">\n<h2 class=\"chapter-title\" style=\"text-align: center;\">6.3 Citing Sources<\/h2>\n<figure style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1351 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2022\/03\/Citation_needed_-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"A poster displaying the words Citation Needed.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A poster displaying the words \u201cCitation Needed.\u201d Image from <em>It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century<\/em> by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Most public speaking instructors require students to submit a bibliography, works-cited list, or reference list with a speech outline. This section explains why citation matters, how APA and MLA documentation differ, how to cite sources aloud during a speech, and how to use research ethically.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Why Citing Is Important<\/h3>\n<p>Citations allow audience members and readers to identify where information originated. Citing sources demonstrates credibility and integrity because it shows that your claims are supported by research and clearly distinguishes your ideas from the intellectual work of others.<\/p>\n<p>Failing to acknowledge another person\u2019s words, ideas, data, images, or other work may constitute <strong>plagiarism<\/strong>. Plagiarism involves presenting someone else\u2019s work as your own, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Because plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty, colleges and universities may impose serious academic consequences for it.<\/p>\n<p>Citation is necessary when you:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Quote another person\u2019s exact words.<\/li>\n<li>Paraphrase or summarize someone else\u2019s ideas.<\/li>\n<li>Use statistics, research findings, or other data.<\/li>\n<li>Refer to a distinctive theory, model, or argument.<\/li>\n<li>Use an image, chart, video, audio recording, or other media created by someone else.<\/li>\n<li>Incorporate information that is not common knowledge.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">APA and MLA: Choosing a Citation Style<\/h3>\n<p>Public speaking instructors may require APA, MLA, or another documentation style. Always follow the requirements provided by your instructor and assignment.<\/p>\n<p>The two styles most often encountered in communication courses are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>APA Style<\/strong>, developed by the American Psychological Association.<\/li>\n<li><strong>MLA Style<\/strong>, developed by the Modern Language Association.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>APA Style<\/h4>\n<p>APA Style is widely used in the social and behavioral sciences and in fields such as communication, psychology, sociology, education, nursing, and business. APA emphasizes the author and publication date because the currency of research is often important in these disciplines.<\/p>\n<p>An APA parenthetical citation commonly appears in this form:<\/p>\n<p><em>(Smith, 2022)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>A narrative citation may appear as:<\/p>\n<p><em>Smith (2022) argues that&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The current official guide is the <em>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association<\/em>, 7th edition.<\/p>\n<h4>MLA Style<\/h4>\n<p>MLA Style is frequently used in humanities disciplines such as English, literature, rhetoric, philosophy, and cultural studies. MLA emphasizes the author and the location of the information within the source, often a page number.<\/p>\n<p>An MLA parenthetical citation commonly appears in this form:<\/p>\n<p><em>(Smith 45)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The current official guide is the <em>MLA Handbook<\/em>, 9th edition.<\/p>\n<h4>Written Citations and Oral Citations Are Different<\/h4>\n<p>APA and MLA provide systems for documenting written work. A speech also requires <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"116-2071\">oral citations<\/button><\/strong>, sometimes called verbal or in-speech citations.<\/p>\n<p>An oral citation should give listeners enough information to understand who created the information, why the source is credible, and when or where the information was published. Speakers usually should not read a full APA or MLA reference aloud.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>According to a 2024 report from the Pew Research Center&#8230;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Or:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Communication researcher Dana Smith explains in a 2023 article published in <em>Communication Education<\/em> that&#8230;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The complete source should also appear in the written reference list or works-cited list submitted with the speech.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Citing Sources in a Speech<\/h3>\n<p>When incorporating outside information into a speech, use three steps:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Introduce the source.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Present the information.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Explain how the information supports your point.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>Step 1: Introduce the Source<\/h4>\n<p>Provide context before presenting the evidence. Identify the author, organization, publication, date, or relevant credentials.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Workplace bullying is a serious organizational problem. A national study by the Workplace Bullying Institute examined how employers respond when employees report bullying.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h4>Step 2: Present the Information<\/h4>\n<p>You may use a direct quotation, paraphrase, or summary.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"116-415\">Direct quotation<\/button>:<\/strong> Reproduces the source\u2019s exact words.<\/li>\n<li><strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"116-567\">Paraphrase<\/button>:<\/strong> Restates a specific idea fully in your own wording and sentence structure.<\/li>\n<li><strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"116-579\">Summary<\/button>:<\/strong> Condenses the main point of a longer passage or source.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>All three methods require attribution.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>According to a 2009 Workplace Bullying Institute report, 54% of employers did nothing after workplace bullying was reported.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Or, when quoting:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The report found that \u201cdoing nothing to the bully was the most common employer tactic,\u201d occurring in 54% of the cases studied.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h4>Step 3: Explain the Relevance<\/h4>\n<p>Do not present a quotation or statistic and immediately move to another point. Explain how the evidence supports your claim.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>This finding demonstrates why relying only on voluntary employer action may not protect workers. Organizations need clear reporting procedures and meaningful accountability.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Connecting evidence to your reasoning helps the audience understand why the source matters. It also prevents <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"116-585\">drive-by quoting<\/button><\/strong>, in which a speaker inserts evidence without context, analysis, or explanation.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Using Sources Ethically<\/h3>\n<p>Ethical source use involves more than adding a reference list. The following practices help speakers avoid plagiarism, represent evidence accurately, and maintain credibility.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Cite sources during the speech.<\/strong> When an idea, quotation, statistic, or example is not your own, identify its source aloud. A written reference list alone is not sufficient.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Use your own voice.<\/strong> Your speech should reflect your own reasoning, organization, and explanation. Sources should support your message rather than replace it.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Begin early.<\/strong> Last-minute preparation increases the risk of careless notes, missing citations, inaccurate paraphrases, and plagiarism.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Track every source.<\/strong> Record complete citation information as soon as you locate a source. Include authors, titles, publication dates, URLs, page numbers, and notes about where each idea or quotation originated.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Distinguish your words from source material.<\/strong> Use clear verbal transitions such as \u201caccording to,\u201d \u201cthe researchers found,\u201d or \u201cin the author\u2019s words\u201d to signal when you are presenting another person\u2019s work.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cite both orally and in writing.<\/strong> Include verbal citations during the speech and complete entries in the required reference list or works-cited list.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Limit direct quotations.<\/strong> Use exact wording when the language itself is especially authoritative, memorable, technical, or important. Otherwise, paraphrasing or summarizing often sounds more natural in a speech.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Paraphrase completely.<\/strong> Changing a few words or rearranging a sentence is not an adequate paraphrase. Read the original, understand the idea, set the source aside, and explain the meaning in your own wording and structure. Then cite the source.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Avoid patchwriting and patchspeaking.<\/strong> Do not assemble a speech by combining lightly altered sentences from multiple sources. Your speech should present your own analysis and organization.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Use automated summaries cautiously.<\/strong> AI systems and automated summarization tools can omit context, introduce inaccuracies, or produce wording that closely resembles the source. Verify every summary against the original material and follow your institution\u2019s policies on AI use and disclosure.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Never submit someone else\u2019s work as your own.<\/strong> Do not reuse another student\u2019s speech, purchase a speech, copy material from an online speech repository, or submit AI-generated work in violation of course policies.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conduct primary research ethically.<\/strong> If participants are promised anonymity or confidentiality, protect their identities and information. Respect statements made off the record, obtain permission before identifying participants, and represent responses accurately.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Conclusion<\/h3>\n<p>Effective citation strengthens a speech by showing where information came from, distinguishing your ideas from those of others, and demonstrating that your claims are supported by credible evidence.<\/p>\n<p>Ethical speakers cite sources both orally and in writing, paraphrase accurately, preserve complete research records, protect participants in primary research, and explain how evidence supports their arguments.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<h3>Licenses and Attribution<\/h3>\n<h4>CC Licensed Content, Original<\/h4>\n<p><em>Speech Communication<\/em> was created by Lana Iapicco and Marie Torres. Independently created original and AI-assisted content developed specifically for this book is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>, except where otherwise noted.<\/p>\n<p>This educational material includes content generated or revised with the assistance of large language models. Lana Iapicco and Marie Torres reviewed, edited, and take responsibility for the final published content.<\/p>\n<h4>CC Licensed Content, Previously Shared<\/h4>\n<h5>Citing Sources<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/chapter\/citing-sources\/\">\u201cCiting Sources\u201d<\/a> by Douglas Marshall, James Yeargain, June Pulliam, Sara Kim, and Victoria VanNest, published in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/\">It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century<\/a><\/em> by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network, was adapted for this section.<\/p>\n<p>The source material is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>. The material was revised, reorganized, expanded, updated, and supplemented with original and AI-assisted content for this edition.<\/p>\n<p>Adapted portions derived from this source, including revisions to those portions, are licensed under the <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>. Independently created portions developed specifically for <em>Speech Communication<\/em> are licensed under the book\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>, except where otherwise noted.<\/p>\n<h4>CC Licensed Image<\/h4>\n<h5>Citation Needed Poster<\/h5>\n<p>Image from <a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/chapter\/citing-sources\/\">\u201cCiting Sources\u201d<\/a> in <em>It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century<\/em> by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network.<\/p>\n<p>License: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Changes: The image was resized, and its alternative text and caption were revised for this edition. The source chapter does not identify a separate creator or image-specific license.<\/p>\n<h4>Other Content Included<\/h4>\n<h5>APA Style<\/h5>\n<p>American Psychological Association. (2020). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/products\/publication-manual-7th-edition\">Publication manual of the American Psychological Association<\/a><\/em> (7th ed.).<\/p>\n<p>This source supports the description of APA documentation and replaces the 2010 sixth-edition manuals listed in the original chapter. The publication remains subject to the rights of the American Psychological Association and is not included under the Creative Commons licenses applied to this book.<\/p>\n<h5>MLA Style<\/h5>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/style.mla.org\/mla-handbook-ninth-edition\/\">MLA handbook<\/a><\/em>. (2021). 9th ed. Modern Language Association of America.<\/p>\n<p>This source supports the description of MLA documentation and replaces the 2009 seventh-edition handbook listed in the original chapter. The publication remains subject to the rights of the Modern Language Association and is not included under the Creative Commons licenses applied to this book.<\/p>\n<h5>Research and Information Literacy<\/h5>\n<p>George, M. W. (2008). <em>The elements of library research: What every student needs to know<\/em>. Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Moxley, J. M. (n.d.). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/\">Research<\/a><\/em>. Writing Commons.<\/p>\n<p>These sources informed the broader discussion of research, source use, and information literacy. The publications remain subject to the rights and license terms of their respective authors and publishers.<\/p>\n<h5>Plagiarism, Paraphrasing, and Ethical Source Use<\/h5>\n<p>Howard, R. M., &amp; Taggart, A. R. (2010). <em>Research matters<\/em>. McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n<p>Menager-Beeley, R., &amp; Paulos, L. (2009). <em>Understanding plagiarism: A student guide to writing your own work<\/em>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.<\/p>\n<p>These works informed the discussion of plagiarism, paraphrasing, attribution, and ethical research practices. The publications remain subject to the rights of their respective authors and publishers.<\/p>\n<h5>Workplace Bullying Example<\/h5>\n<p>Workplace Bullying Institute. (2009). <em>Bullying: Getting away with it\u2014WBI Labor Day Study, September 2009<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>This source provides the workplace-bullying statistic used in the oral-citation examples. The publication remains subject to the rights of the Workplace Bullying Institute and is not included under the Creative Commons licenses applied to this book.<\/p>\n<h5>Online News and Blog Research<\/h5>\n<p>Ochman, B. L. (2007, June 29). <em>The top 10 news stories broken by bloggers<\/em>. TechNewsWorld.<\/p>\n<p>This source informed the original chapter\u2019s discussion of blogs and online information sources. The article remains subject to the rights of its author and publisher.<\/p>\n<h5>Research Planning and Project Organization<\/h5>\n<p>Project Management Institute. (2004). <em>A guide to the project management body of knowledge: PMBOK guide<\/em> (3rd ed.).<\/p>\n<p>This source informed the broader treatment of planning and managing the research process. The publication remains subject to the rights of the Project Management Institute.<\/p>\n<h5>Communication Research and Professional Practice<\/h5>\n<p>Weiner, M. (2006). <em>Unleashing the power of PR: A contrarian\u2019s guide to marketing and communication<\/em>. Jossey-Bass and the International Association of Business Communicators.<\/p>\n<p>Wrench, J. S., Thomas-Maddox, C., Richmond, V. P., &amp; McCroskey, J. C. (2008). <em>Quantitative methods for communication researchers: A hands-on approach<\/em>. Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p>These works informed the broader discussion of communication research, evidence, and professional source use. The publications remain subject to the rights of their respective authors and publishers.<\/p>\n<h5>Critical Evaluation of Popular Claims<\/h5>\n<p>Wood, J. T. (2002). A critical response to John Gray\u2019s Mars and Venus portrayals of men and women. <em>Southern Communication Journal, 67<\/em>, 201\u2013210.<\/p>\n<p>This article informed the original chapter\u2019s broader treatment of evaluating claims and representing research accurately. The publication remains subject to the rights of its author and publisher.<\/p>\n<h5>CRAAP Method<\/h5>\n<p>LSU Libraries. (2022, February 16). <em>CRAAP method<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>This resource appeared in the original reference list and informed the broader research chapter\u2019s discussion of source evaluation. The CRAAP framework is discussed directly in Section 6.2 rather than this section. The resource remains subject to the rights and terms of LSU Libraries.<\/p>\n<h4>Third-Party References and Links<\/h4>\n<p>Style manuals, books, articles, reports, websites, research studies, organizational resources, trademarks, and other third-party materials referenced in this section or used in developing the broader research chapter remain the property of their respective authors, publishers, organizations, and copyright holders. Their inclusion as citations, examples, links, or intellectual foundations does not place the underlying materials under the Creative Commons licenses applied to <em>Speech Communication<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Unless a separate license or public-domain status is specifically identified, third-party content may not be copied, redistributed, or adapted independently of the permissions provided by its copyright holder or applicable law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"116-2071\" hidden><p>A spoken acknowledgment of a source during a speech that identifies where information, evidence, or ideas came from. Oral citations are also called verbal citations or in-speech citations.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"116-415\" hidden><p>when you cite the actual words from a source with no changes<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"116-567\" hidden><p>to take a source\u2019s basic idea and condense it using your own words<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"116-579\" hidden><p>clear sentence that restates the preview statement in past tense, outlining the main points that were addressed in the speech<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"116-585\" hidden><p>a practice that disorients your audience by not giving them everything they need to understand how the source is relevant to your own claims<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["liapicco","mtorres54"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[61,62],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-116","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-liapicco","contributor-mtorres54","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":104,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/116","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/116\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2072,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/116\/revisions\/2072"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/104"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/116\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=116"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=116"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=116"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=116"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}