{"id":39,"date":"2022-02-10T15:10:13","date_gmt":"2022-02-10T15:10:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/chapter\/the-process-of-public-speaking\/"},"modified":"2026-08-30T20:28:28","modified_gmt":"2026-08-30T20:28:28","slug":"the-process-of-public-speaking","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/chapter\/the-process-of-public-speaking\/","title":{"raw":"1.3 The Process of Public Speaking","rendered":"1.3 The Process of Public Speaking"},"content":{"raw":"<div id=\"slug-1-2-the-process-of-public-speaking\" class=\"chapter standard\">\r\n<h2 class=\"chapter-title\" style=\"text-align: center\">1.3 The Process of Public Speaking<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"ugc chapter-ugc\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_35\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-35 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2022\/02\/1.2.0-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"person holding megaphone\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" \/> Person using a megaphone during a public demonstration. Image from It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\r\n\r\nIn a world saturated with messages, effective public speaking requires more than clever tactics\u2014it depends on three core elements: message, skill, and passion.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Message: Clear, coherent content captures attention. Ambiguity leads to disengagement.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Skill: Strong delivery skills are essential. Even great ideas fall flat without effective communication.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Passion: Audiences respond to speakers who care deeply about their topic. Genuine enthusiasm builds connections.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch01_s02_s01\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title editable block\" style=\"text-align: center\">Models of Public Speaking<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"wrench_1.0-ch01_s02_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">A basic model of human communication is one of the first topics that most communication teachers start with in any class. For our focus on public speaking, we will introduce two widely discussed models in communication: interactional and transactional.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch01_s02_s01_s01\" class=\"section\">\r\n<p class=\"title editable block\" style=\"text-align: left\"><img class=\"wp-image-36 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.1-1024x147.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram pointing Source to Receiver to Source to Receiver\" width=\"1024\" height=\"147\" \/><\/p>\r\nLinear model of communication showing the exchange of messages between sources and receivers. Adapted from It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch01_s02_s01\" class=\"section\">\r\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch01_s02_s01_s01\" class=\"section\">\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>The Linear Model of Communication in Public Speaking<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nCommunication, in its most basic form, can be understood through the linear model, which describes a one-way flow of information from a sender to a receiver. This model is particularly relevant in the context of public speaking, where the speaker delivers a message to an audience through a designated channel.\r\n\r\nIn this framework, the <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"435\"]source[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> refers to the speaker\u2014the individual responsible for generating and delivering the message. The speaker encodes their thoughts into verbal and nonverbal symbols intended to convey meaning.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"339\"]channel[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> represents the medium through which the message is transmitted. In public speaking, this includes both <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"439\"]verbal communication[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> (spoken words, tone, and language) and [pb_glossary id=\"2037\"]<strong>nonverbal communication<\/strong> [\/pb_glossary](gestures, facial expressions, posture, and visual aids). These elements work together to reinforce the speaker\u2019s message and engage the audience.\r\n\r\nThe [pb_glossary id=\"437\"]<strong>receiver<\/strong> [\/pb_glossary] is the audience, who decodes and interprets the message based on their own experiences, knowledge, and perceptions. Effective communication depends on the audience\u2019s ability to accurately understand the speaker\u2019s intended meaning.\r\n\r\nAn important component of this model is <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"443\"]noise[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>, which encompasses any form of interference that disrupts the clarity or reception of the message. Noise can be <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2038\"]external[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>, such as environmental sounds or technical issues, or <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2039\"]internal[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>, such as audience distractions, preconceived notions, or emotional states. Minimizing noise is essential for ensuring that the message is received as intended.\r\n\r\nAlthough the linear model simplifies the complexity of human communication, it provides a foundational understanding of how messages are transmitted in public speaking settings. Recognizing each element of this model enables speakers to craft and deliver messages more effectively, enhancing audience comprehension and engagement.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch01_s02_s01_s01_s02\" class=\"section\">\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Transactional Model of Public Speaking<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch01_s02_s01_s02\" class=\"section\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_38\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-38 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.3-300x277.jpg\" alt=\"Drawing of person speaking to two people sitting in chairs\" width=\"300\" height=\"277\" \/> Transactional model of public speaking showing the exchange of messages and feedback between a speaker and an audience. Adapted from It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\r\n\r\nWhile the linear model of communication presents a one-way flow of information from speaker to audience, the transactional model offers a more nuanced and realistic depiction of public speaking. In this model, communication is understood as a continuous, two-way process in which both the speaker and the audience function as sources and receivers. This dynamic exchange emphasizes mutual influence and shared meaning.\r\n\r\nAt the core of this model are two key processes: <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"445\"]encoding[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> and <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"393\"]decoding[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>. Encoding refers to the creation and adaptation of the message by the speaker, who selects verbal and nonverbal symbols to convey meaning. Decoding, on the other hand, involves the audience\u2019s interpretation and response to the message, shaped by their individual experiences, expectations, and cultural context.\r\n\r\nThis model underscores that public speaking is not merely a performance; it is an interactive experience shaped by clarity, delivery, and audience engagement. Interpreting a speaker\u2019s message requires more than passive listening\u2014it demands active attention to verbal language, nonverbal cues, and visual aids. Miscommunication can arise from various sources, such as ambiguous vocabulary, inadequate volume, or poorly designed presentation materials. For instance, a speaker who uses technical jargon without explanation may confuse the audience. In contrast, defining terms clearly, employing expressive gestures, and presenting well-designed visuals\u2014such as a graph illustrating campus parking usage\u2014can significantly enhance audience comprehension.\r\n\r\nOnce the message is interpreted, the audience engages in evaluative processing. Listeners assess the logic of the argument, determine whether they agree or disagree, and consider the speaker\u2019s credibility. These judgments influence the nature and quality of feedback provided to the speaker.\r\n\r\nFeedback, a central component of the transactional model, represents the audience\u2019s response and can take several forms. According to Schramm (1954), feedback may be <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2040\"]direct[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>, such as spoken questions or comments during a Q&amp;A session. For example, a student might say, \u201cI disagree with your solution to campus parking.\u201d Feedback may also be <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2041\"]moderately direct[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>, expressed through nonverbal reactions like nodding, smiling, or disengaging behaviors such as checking a watch. A student texting during a speech may signal disinterest or distraction. Finally, <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2042\"]indirect feedback[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> occurs after the speech, often in the form of delayed actions. For instance, losing a student election following a series of campaign speeches reflects indirect audience response.\r\n\r\nEffective public speakers must learn to interpret and adapt to feedback in real time. This responsiveness is essential for maintaining audience engagement and ensuring that the message resonates. The transactional model, therefore, highlights the reciprocal nature of communication and the importance of audience-centered strategies in public speaking.\r\n<h3>Licenses and Attribution<\/h3>\r\n<h4>CC Licensed Content, Original<\/h4>\r\n<em>Speech Communication<\/em> was created by Lana Iapicco and Marie Torres. Independently created original and AI-assisted content developed specifically for this book is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>, except where otherwise noted.\r\n\r\nThis educational material includes content generated or revised with the assistance of large language models. Lana Iapicco and Marie Torres reviewed, edited, and take responsibility for the final published content.\r\n<h4>CC Licensed Content, Previously Shared<\/h4>\r\n<strong>\u201cThe Process of Public Speaking\u201d<\/strong> is adapted from <a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/chapter\/the-process-of-public-speaking\/\">\u201c1.3 The Process of Public Speaking\u201d<\/a> by Douglas Marshall, James Yeargain, June Pulliam, Sara Kim, and Victoria VanNest, published in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/\">It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century<\/a><\/em> by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network.\r\n\r\nThe source material is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>. The material was revised, reorganized, updated, and supplemented with original and AI-assisted content for this edition.\r\n\r\nAdapted portions derived from this source, including revisions to those portions, are licensed under the <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>. Independently created portions developed specifically for <em>Speech Communication<\/em> are licensed under the book\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>, except where otherwise noted.\r\n<h4>CC Licensed Images and Diagrams<\/h4>\r\n<h5><strong>Person using a megaphone during a public demonstration<\/strong><\/h5>\r\nImage from <a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/chapter\/the-process-of-public-speaking\/\"><em>\u201cThe Process of Public Speaking\u201d<\/em><\/a> in <em>It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century<\/em> by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network.\r\nLicense: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>.\r\nChanges: The image was resized, and its alternative text and caption were revised for this edition. The source does not identify a separate photographer or image license.\r\n<h5><strong>Linear model of communication<\/strong><\/h5>\r\nDiagram adapted from <a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/chapter\/the-process-of-public-speaking\/\"><em>\u201cThe Process of Public Speaking\u201d<\/em><\/a> in <em>It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century<\/em> by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network.\r\nLicense: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>.\r\nChanges: The diagram was reformatted, and its alternative text and caption were revised for this edition.\r\n<h5><strong>Transactional model of public speaking<\/strong><\/h5>\r\nDiagram adapted from <a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/chapter\/the-process-of-public-speaking\/\"><em>\u201cThe Process of Public Speaking\u201d<\/em><\/a> in <em>It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century<\/em> by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network.\r\nLicense: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>.\r\nChanges: The diagram was reformatted, and its alternative text and caption were revised for this edition.\r\n<h4>Other Content Included<\/h4>\r\n<h5><strong>Communication models and theories<\/strong><\/h5>\r\nThe discussion of linear, interactional, and transactional communication draws on foundational communication scholarship, including the following works:\r\n\r\nArnett, R. C., &amp; Arneson, P. (1999). <em>Dialogic civility in a cynical age: Community, hope, and interpersonal relationships<\/em>. SUNY Press.\r\n\r\nBakhtin, M. (2001). The problem of speech genres. In P. Bizzell &amp; B. Herzberg (Eds.), <em>The rhetorical tradition<\/em> (pp. 1227\u20131245). Bedford\/St. Martin\u2019s. (Original work published 1953)\r\n\r\nBakhtin, M. (2001). Marxism and the philosophy of language. In P. Bizzell &amp; B. Herzberg (Eds.), <em>The rhetorical tradition<\/em> (pp. 1210\u20131226). Bedford\/St. Martin\u2019s. (Original work published 1953)\r\n\r\nBarnlund, D. C. (2008). A transactional model of communication. In C. D. Mortensen (Ed.), <em>Communication theory<\/em> (2nd ed., pp. 47\u201357). Transaction.\r\n\r\nDeVito, J. A. (2009). <em>The interpersonal communication book<\/em> (12th ed.). Allyn &amp; Bacon.\r\n\r\nGeissner, H., &amp; Slembek, E. (1986). <em>Miteinander sprechen und handeln<\/em> [Speak and act: Living and working together]. Scriptor.\r\n\r\nMortensen, C. D. (1972). <em>Communication: The study of human communication<\/em>. McGraw-Hill.\r\n<h5><strong>Feedback in communication<\/strong><\/h5>\r\nSchramm, W. (1954). How communication works. In W. Schramm (Ed.), <em>The process and effects of communication<\/em> (pp. 3\u201326). University of Illinois Press.\r\nThis work supports the section\u2019s discussion of direct, moderately direct, and indirect audience feedback.\r\n<h5><strong>Linear communication<\/strong><\/h5>\r\nShannon, C. E., &amp; Weaver, W. (1949). <em>The mathematical theory of communication<\/em>. University of Illinois Press.\r\nThis work provides a foundational model of communication as the transmission of information from a source to a receiver.\r\n\r\nWest, R., &amp; Turner, L. H. (2010). <em>Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application<\/em> (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.\r\n\r\nWrench, J. S., McCroskey, J. C., &amp; Richmond, V. P. (2008). <em>Human communication in everyday life: Explanations and applications<\/em>. Allyn &amp; Bacon.\r\n\r\nYakubinsky, L. P. (1997). On dialogic speech. <em>PMLA, 112<\/em>(2), 249\u2013256. (Original work published 1923)\r\n\r\nThese scholarly works remain subject to the rights of their respective authors and publishers. Their inclusion as citations and intellectual foundations does not place the publications themselves under the Creative Commons licenses applied to <em>Speech Communication<\/em>.\r\n<h4>Third-Party References and Links<\/h4>\r\nScholarly publications, quotations, theories, trademarks, and other third-party materials referenced in this section remain the property of their respective authors, publishers, organizations, and copyright holders. Their inclusion as citations, links, or examples does not place them under the Creative Commons licenses applied to <em>Speech Communication<\/em>.\r\n\r\nUnless a separate license is specifically identified, third-party content may not be copied, redistributed, or adapted independently of the permissions provided by its copyright holder or applicable law.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"slug-1-2-the-process-of-public-speaking\" class=\"chapter standard\">\n<h2 class=\"chapter-title\" style=\"text-align: center\">1.3 The Process of Public Speaking<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ugc chapter-ugc\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_35\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-35\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-35 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2022\/02\/1.2.0-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"person holding megaphone\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2022\/02\/1.2.0-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2022\/02\/1.2.0-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2022\/02\/1.2.0-225x149.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2022\/02\/1.2.0-350x232.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2022\/02\/1.2.0.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-35\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Person using a megaphone during a public demonstration. Image from It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>In a world saturated with messages, effective public speaking requires more than clever tactics\u2014it depends on three core elements: message, skill, and passion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Message: Clear, coherent content captures attention. Ambiguity leads to disengagement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Skill: Strong delivery skills are essential. Even great ideas fall flat without effective communication.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"7\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Passion: Audiences respond to speakers who care deeply about their topic. Genuine enthusiasm builds connections.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch01_s02_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h3 class=\"title editable block\" style=\"text-align: center\">Models of Public Speaking<\/h3>\n<p id=\"wrench_1.0-ch01_s02_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">A basic model of human communication is one of the first topics that most communication teachers start with in any class. For our focus on public speaking, we will introduce two widely discussed models in communication: interactional and transactional.<\/p>\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch01_s02_s01_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<p class=\"title editable block\" style=\"text-align: left\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-36 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.1-1024x147.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram pointing Source to Receiver to Source to Receiver\" width=\"1024\" height=\"147\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.1-1024x147.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.1-300x43.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.1-768x110.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.1-65x9.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.1-225x32.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.1-350x50.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.1.jpg 1468w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Linear model of communication showing the exchange of messages between sources and receivers. Adapted from It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>The Linear Model of Communication in Public Speaking<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Communication, in its most basic form, can be understood through the linear model, which describes a one-way flow of information from a sender to a receiver. This model is particularly relevant in the context of public speaking, where the speaker delivers a message to an audience through a designated channel.<\/p>\n<p>In this framework, the <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"39-435\">source<\/button><\/strong> refers to the speaker\u2014the individual responsible for generating and delivering the message. The speaker encodes their thoughts into verbal and nonverbal symbols intended to convey meaning.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"39-339\">channel<\/button><\/strong> represents the medium through which the message is transmitted. In public speaking, this includes both <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"39-439\">verbal communication<\/button><\/strong> (spoken words, tone, and language) and <button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"39-2037\"><strong>nonverbal communication<\/strong> <\/button>(gestures, facial expressions, posture, and visual aids). These elements work together to reinforce the speaker\u2019s message and engage the audience.<\/p>\n<p>The <button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"39-437\"><strong>receiver<\/strong> <\/button> is the audience, who decodes and interprets the message based on their own experiences, knowledge, and perceptions. Effective communication depends on the audience\u2019s ability to accurately understand the speaker\u2019s intended meaning.<\/p>\n<p>An important component of this model is <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"39-443\">noise<\/button><\/strong>, which encompasses any form of interference that disrupts the clarity or reception of the message. Noise can be <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"39-2038\">external<\/button><\/strong>, such as environmental sounds or technical issues, or <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"39-2039\">internal<\/button><\/strong>, such as audience distractions, preconceived notions, or emotional states. Minimizing noise is essential for ensuring that the message is received as intended.<\/p>\n<p>Although the linear model simplifies the complexity of human communication, it provides a foundational understanding of how messages are transmitted in public speaking settings. Recognizing each element of this model enables speakers to craft and deliver messages more effectively, enhancing audience comprehension and engagement.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch01_s02_s01_s01_s02\" class=\"section\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Transactional Model of Public Speaking<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"wrench_1.0-ch01_s02_s01_s02\" class=\"section\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_38\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-38\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-38 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.3-300x277.jpg\" alt=\"Drawing of person speaking to two people sitting in chairs\" width=\"300\" height=\"277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.3-300x277.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.3-1024x946.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.3-768x709.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.3-65x60.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.3-225x208.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.3-350x323.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2025\/09\/1.2.3.jpg 1495w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-38\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transactional model of public speaking showing the exchange of messages and feedback between a speaker and an audience. Adapted from It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>While the linear model of communication presents a one-way flow of information from speaker to audience, the transactional model offers a more nuanced and realistic depiction of public speaking. In this model, communication is understood as a continuous, two-way process in which both the speaker and the audience function as sources and receivers. This dynamic exchange emphasizes mutual influence and shared meaning.<\/p>\n<p>At the core of this model are two key processes: <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"39-445\">encoding<\/button><\/strong> and <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"39-393\">decoding<\/button><\/strong>. Encoding refers to the creation and adaptation of the message by the speaker, who selects verbal and nonverbal symbols to convey meaning. Decoding, on the other hand, involves the audience\u2019s interpretation and response to the message, shaped by their individual experiences, expectations, and cultural context.<\/p>\n<p>This model underscores that public speaking is not merely a performance; it is an interactive experience shaped by clarity, delivery, and audience engagement. Interpreting a speaker\u2019s message requires more than passive listening\u2014it demands active attention to verbal language, nonverbal cues, and visual aids. Miscommunication can arise from various sources, such as ambiguous vocabulary, inadequate volume, or poorly designed presentation materials. For instance, a speaker who uses technical jargon without explanation may confuse the audience. In contrast, defining terms clearly, employing expressive gestures, and presenting well-designed visuals\u2014such as a graph illustrating campus parking usage\u2014can significantly enhance audience comprehension.<\/p>\n<p>Once the message is interpreted, the audience engages in evaluative processing. Listeners assess the logic of the argument, determine whether they agree or disagree, and consider the speaker\u2019s credibility. These judgments influence the nature and quality of feedback provided to the speaker.<\/p>\n<p>Feedback, a central component of the transactional model, represents the audience\u2019s response and can take several forms. According to Schramm (1954), feedback may be <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"39-2040\">direct<\/button><\/strong>, such as spoken questions or comments during a Q&amp;A session. For example, a student might say, \u201cI disagree with your solution to campus parking.\u201d Feedback may also be <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"39-2041\">moderately direct<\/button><\/strong>, expressed through nonverbal reactions like nodding, smiling, or disengaging behaviors such as checking a watch. A student texting during a speech may signal disinterest or distraction. Finally, <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"39-2042\">indirect feedback<\/button><\/strong> occurs after the speech, often in the form of delayed actions. For instance, losing a student election following a series of campaign speeches reflects indirect audience response.<\/p>\n<p>Effective public speakers must learn to interpret and adapt to feedback in real time. This responsiveness is essential for maintaining audience engagement and ensuring that the message resonates. The transactional model, therefore, highlights the reciprocal nature of communication and the importance of audience-centered strategies in public speaking.<\/p>\n<h3>Licenses and Attribution<\/h3>\n<h4>CC Licensed Content, Original<\/h4>\n<p><em>Speech Communication<\/em> was created by Lana Iapicco and Marie Torres. Independently created original and AI-assisted content developed specifically for this book is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>, except where otherwise noted.<\/p>\n<p>This educational material includes content generated or revised with the assistance of large language models. Lana Iapicco and Marie Torres reviewed, edited, and take responsibility for the final published content.<\/p>\n<h4>CC Licensed Content, Previously Shared<\/h4>\n<p><strong>\u201cThe Process of Public Speaking\u201d<\/strong> is adapted from <a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/chapter\/the-process-of-public-speaking\/\">\u201c1.3 The Process of Public Speaking\u201d<\/a> by Douglas Marshall, James Yeargain, June Pulliam, Sara Kim, and Victoria VanNest, published in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/\">It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century<\/a><\/em> by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network.<\/p>\n<p>The source material is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>. The material was revised, reorganized, updated, and supplemented with original and AI-assisted content for this edition.<\/p>\n<p>Adapted portions derived from this source, including revisions to those portions, are licensed under the <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>. Independently created portions developed specifically for <em>Speech Communication<\/em> are licensed under the book\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>, except where otherwise noted.<\/p>\n<h4>CC Licensed Images and Diagrams<\/h4>\n<h5><strong>Person using a megaphone during a public demonstration<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Image from <a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/chapter\/the-process-of-public-speaking\/\"><em>\u201cThe Process of Public Speaking\u201d<\/em><\/a> in <em>It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century<\/em> by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network.<br \/>\nLicense: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>.<br \/>\nChanges: The image was resized, and its alternative text and caption were revised for this edition. The source does not identify a separate photographer or image license.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Linear model of communication<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Diagram adapted from <a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/chapter\/the-process-of-public-speaking\/\"><em>\u201cThe Process of Public Speaking\u201d<\/em><\/a> in <em>It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century<\/em> by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network.<br \/>\nLicense: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>.<br \/>\nChanges: The diagram was reformatted, and its alternative text and caption were revised for this edition.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Transactional model of public speaking<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Diagram adapted from <a href=\"https:\/\/louis.pressbooks.pub\/publicspeaking\/chapter\/the-process-of-public-speaking\/\"><em>\u201cThe Process of Public Speaking\u201d<\/em><\/a> in <em>It\u2019s About Them: Public Speaking in the 21st Century<\/em> by LOUIS: The Louisiana Library Network.<br \/>\nLicense: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>.<br \/>\nChanges: The diagram was reformatted, and its alternative text and caption were revised for this edition.<\/p>\n<h4>Other Content Included<\/h4>\n<h5><strong>Communication models and theories<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>The discussion of linear, interactional, and transactional communication draws on foundational communication scholarship, including the following works:<\/p>\n<p>Arnett, R. C., &amp; Arneson, P. (1999). <em>Dialogic civility in a cynical age: Community, hope, and interpersonal relationships<\/em>. SUNY Press.<\/p>\n<p>Bakhtin, M. (2001). The problem of speech genres. In P. Bizzell &amp; B. Herzberg (Eds.), <em>The rhetorical tradition<\/em> (pp. 1227\u20131245). Bedford\/St. Martin\u2019s. (Original work published 1953)<\/p>\n<p>Bakhtin, M. (2001). Marxism and the philosophy of language. In P. Bizzell &amp; B. Herzberg (Eds.), <em>The rhetorical tradition<\/em> (pp. 1210\u20131226). Bedford\/St. Martin\u2019s. (Original work published 1953)<\/p>\n<p>Barnlund, D. C. (2008). A transactional model of communication. In C. D. Mortensen (Ed.), <em>Communication theory<\/em> (2nd ed., pp. 47\u201357). Transaction.<\/p>\n<p>DeVito, J. A. (2009). <em>The interpersonal communication book<\/em> (12th ed.). Allyn &amp; Bacon.<\/p>\n<p>Geissner, H., &amp; Slembek, E. (1986). <em>Miteinander sprechen und handeln<\/em> [Speak and act: Living and working together]. Scriptor.<\/p>\n<p>Mortensen, C. D. (1972). <em>Communication: The study of human communication<\/em>. McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Feedback in communication<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Schramm, W. (1954). How communication works. In W. Schramm (Ed.), <em>The process and effects of communication<\/em> (pp. 3\u201326). University of Illinois Press.<br \/>\nThis work supports the section\u2019s discussion of direct, moderately direct, and indirect audience feedback.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Linear communication<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Shannon, C. E., &amp; Weaver, W. (1949). <em>The mathematical theory of communication<\/em>. University of Illinois Press.<br \/>\nThis work provides a foundational model of communication as the transmission of information from a source to a receiver.<\/p>\n<p>West, R., &amp; Turner, L. H. (2010). <em>Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application<\/em> (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n<p>Wrench, J. S., McCroskey, J. C., &amp; Richmond, V. P. (2008). <em>Human communication in everyday life: Explanations and applications<\/em>. Allyn &amp; Bacon.<\/p>\n<p>Yakubinsky, L. P. (1997). On dialogic speech. <em>PMLA, 112<\/em>(2), 249\u2013256. (Original work published 1923)<\/p>\n<p>These scholarly works remain subject to the rights of their respective authors and publishers. Their inclusion as citations and intellectual foundations does not place the publications themselves under the Creative Commons licenses applied to <em>Speech Communication<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h4>Third-Party References and Links<\/h4>\n<p>Scholarly publications, quotations, theories, trademarks, and other third-party materials referenced in this section remain the property of their respective authors, publishers, organizations, and copyright holders. Their inclusion as citations, links, or examples does not place them under the Creative Commons licenses applied to <em>Speech Communication<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Unless a separate license is specifically identified, third-party content may not be copied, redistributed, or adapted independently of the permissions provided by its copyright holder or applicable law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"39-435\" hidden><p>the person who is giving the speech<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"39-339\" hidden><p>the speaker's use of verbal and nonverbal communication<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"39-439\" hidden><p>refers to the production of spoken language to send an intentional message to a listener<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"39-2037\" hidden><p>The process of conveying meaning without relying solely on words through facial expressions, gestures, posture, eye contact, movement, appearance, use of space, and vocal qualities such as tone, pitch, volume, and pacing.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"39-437\" hidden><p>the audience members listening to the speech<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"39-443\" hidden><p>a wide range of distractions that can inhibit an audience member from accurately attending to a speaker\u2019s speech<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"39-2038\" hidden><p>Environmental sounds or technical issues.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"39-2039\" hidden><p>Audience distractions, preconceived notions, or emotional states.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"39-445\" hidden><p>what a source does when \u201ccreating a message, adapting it to the receiver, and transmitting it across some source-selected channel\u201d (Wrench, McCroskey &amp; Richmond, 2008)<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"39-393\" hidden><p>\u201csensing (for example, hearing or seeing) a source\u2019s message, interpreting the source\u2019s message, evaluating the source\u2019s message, and responding to the source\u2019s message\u201d (Wrench, McCroskey &amp; Richmond, 2008)<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"39-2040\" hidden><p>An immediate verbal response from audience members, such as spoken questions, comments, or expressed disagreement during or after a speech.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"39-2041\" hidden><p>An audience response communicated through observable nonverbal behavior, such as nodding, smiling, checking a watch, or using a phone.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"39-2042\" hidden><p>A delayed audience response shown through later actions or outcomes rather than immediate words or behaviors.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["liapicco","mtorres54"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[61,62],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-39","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-liapicco","contributor-mtorres54","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":28,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/39","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/39\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2147,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/39\/revisions\/2147"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/28"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/39\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=39"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=39"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=39"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}