{"id":118,"date":"2022-04-05T13:43:51","date_gmt":"2022-04-05T13:43:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/part\/supporting-ideas-and-building-arguments\/"},"modified":"2026-05-29T21:20:51","modified_gmt":"2026-05-29T21:20:51","slug":"supporting-ideas-and-building-arguments","status":"publish","type":"part","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/part\/supporting-ideas-and-building-arguments\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 7: Supporting Ideas and Building Arguments","rendered":"Chapter 7: Supporting Ideas and Building Arguments"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Define the term \u201csupport\u201d and describe three reasons we use support in speeches.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain four criteria used to evaluate support options.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe how speakers can use statistics to support their speeches.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Differentiate among the four types of definitions and among the four types of examples.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how narratives can be used to support informative, persuasive, and entertaining speeches.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Differentiate between the two forms of testimony and between the two types of analogies that can be used for support.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how to distinguish between useful and unreliable forms of support.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the five ways support is used within a speech.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the purpose of a reverse outline.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain why it is important to use support for every claim made within a speech.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Evaluate the three-step process for using support within a speech.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"301\"]Analysis[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"311\"]Argument[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"329\"]Best Example[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"331\"]Bias[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"581\"]CRAAP Method[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"365\"]Conclusion[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"415\"]Direct Quotation[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"726\"]Entertaining Narratives[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"728\"]Execution[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"730\"]Expertise[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"732\"]Expert Testimony[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"734\"]Eyewitness Testimony[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"736\"]Fact[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"738\"]Figurative Analogies[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"740\"]Informative Narratives[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"742\"]Lexical Definition[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"744\"]Literal Analogies[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"746\"]Narratives[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"748\"]Negative Example[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"750\"]Nonexample[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"752\"]Numerical Support[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"567\"]Paraphrase[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"754\"]Persuasive Definitions[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"756\"]Persuasive Narratives[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"758\"]Pictographic Support[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"760\"]Positive Example[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"762\"]Premise[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"764\"]Reverse Outline[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"766\"]Setup[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"768\"]Statistics[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"770\"]Stipulative Definition[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"772\"]Summary of Support[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"774\"]Support[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"776\"]Support-Manipulation[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"778\"]Theoretical Definitions[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"780\"]Vividness[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Define the term \u201csupport\u201d and describe three reasons we use support in speeches.<\/li>\n<li>Explain four criteria used to evaluate support options.<\/li>\n<li>Describe how speakers can use statistics to support their speeches.<\/li>\n<li>Differentiate among the four types of definitions and among the four types of examples.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how narratives can be used to support informative, persuasive, and entertaining speeches.<\/li>\n<li>Differentiate between the two forms of testimony and between the two types of analogies that can be used for support.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how to distinguish between useful and unreliable forms of support.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the five ways support is used within a speech.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the purpose of a reverse outline.<\/li>\n<li>Explain why it is important to use support for every claim made within a speech.<\/li>\n<li>Evaluate the three-step process for using support within a speech.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-301\">Analysis<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-311\">Argument<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-329\">Best Example<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-331\">Bias<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-581\">CRAAP Method<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-365\">Conclusion<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-415\">Direct Quotation<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-726\">Entertaining Narratives<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-728\">Execution<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-730\">Expertise<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-732\">Expert Testimony<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-734\">Eyewitness Testimony<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-736\">Fact<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-738\">Figurative Analogies<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-740\">Informative Narratives<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-742\">Lexical Definition<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-744\">Literal Analogies<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-746\">Narratives<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-748\">Negative Example<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-750\">Nonexample<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-752\">Numerical Support<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-567\">Paraphrase<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-754\">Persuasive Definitions<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-756\">Persuasive Narratives<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-758\">Pictographic Support<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-760\">Positive Example<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-762\">Premise<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-764\">Reverse Outline<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-766\">Setup<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-768\">Statistics<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-770\">Stipulative Definition<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-772\">Summary of Support<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-774\">Support<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-776\">Support-Manipulation<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-778\">Theoretical Definitions<\/button><\/li>\n<li><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"118-780\">Vividness<\/button><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-301\" hidden><p>making the connection between your support and your argument<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-311\" hidden><p>set of logical premises leading to a clear conclusion<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-329\" hidden><p>demonstrates the \u201cbest\u201d way someone should behave within a specific context<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-331\" hidden><p>predisposition or preconception of a topic that prevents impartiality<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-581\" hidden><p>CRAAP stands for \u201ccurrency,\u201d \u201crelevance,\u201d \u201cauthority,\u201d \u201caccuracy,\u201d and \u201cpurpose,\u201d or the five ways that you should evaluate each source to determine if it represents the best information available at the time<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-365\" hidden><p>statement that can be clearly drawn from the provided premises<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-415\" hidden><p>when you cite the actual words from a source with no changes<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-726\" hidden><p>stories designed purely to delight an audience and transport them from their daily concerns<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-728\" hidden><p>involves actually reading a quotation, paraphrasing a speaker or author\u2019s words, summarizing a speaker or author\u2019s ideas, providing numerical support, or showing pictographic support<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-730\" hidden><p>someone having considerable knowledge on a topic or considerable skill in accomplishing something<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-732\" hidden><p>expresses the attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors recommended by someone who is an acknowledged expert on a topic<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-734\" hidden><p>given by someone who has direct contact with the phenomenon of your speech topic<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-736\" hidden><p>a truth that is arrived at through the scientific process<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-738\" hidden><p>compare two ideas or objects from two different classes, or a group that has common attributes, characteristics, qualities, or traits<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-740\" hidden><p>provide information or explanations about a speaker\u2019s topic<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-742\" hidden><p>specifically states how a word is used within a specific language<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-744\" hidden><p>compare two objects or ideas that clearly belong to the same class<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-746\" hidden><p>stories that help an audience understand the speaker\u2019s message<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-748\" hidden><p>used to illustrate what not to do<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-750\" hidden><p>used to explain what something is not<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-752\" hidden><p>citing data and numbers within a speech<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-567\" hidden><p>to take a source\u2019s basic idea and condense it using your own words<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-754\" hidden><p>motivate an audience to think in a specific manner about the word or term<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-756\" hidden><p>stories used to persuade people to accept or reject a specific attitude, value, belief, or behavior<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-758\" hidden><p>any drawn or visual representation of an object or process<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-760\" hidden><p>used to clarify or clearly illustrate a principle, method, or phenomenon<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-762\" hidden><p>statement that is designed to provide support or evidence<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-764\" hidden><p>tool you can use to determine the adequacy of your speech\u2019s support by starting with your conclusion and logically working backward through your speech to determine if the support you provided is appropriate and comprehensive<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-766\" hidden><p>sentence or phrase in which you explain to your audience where the information you are using came from<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-768\" hidden><p>mathematical subfield that gathers, analyzes, and makes inferences about collected data<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-770\" hidden><p>assigned to a word or term by the person who coins that word or term for the first time<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-772\" hidden><p>involves condensing or encapsulating the entire text as a form of support<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-774\" hidden><p>range of strategies that are used to develop the central idea and specific purpose by providing corroborating evidence<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-776\" hidden><p>when speakers attempt to find support that says exactly what they want it to say despite the fact that the overwhelming majority of evidence says the exact opposite<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-778\" hidden><p>used to describe all parts related to a particular type of idea or object<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"118-780\" hidden><p>speaker\u2019s ability to present information in a striking, exciting manner<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_part_invisible":false,"pb_part_invisible_string":""},"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-118","part","type-part","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/part"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":852,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/118\/revisions\/852"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=118"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=118"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hcfl.edu\/speechcomm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}